
ãªã«ãã¡ã³ã ãã€ã³ã¯ãªãŒã¯é±å±±ïŒãããå·ïŒ: é åçãªãªã¬ã³ãžãããããŒã€ãšããŒã®çµæ¶ãšå æ²¢ãæ¡æããæåºãããé±ç©ã§ãè²ãéææãå質ã§è©äŸ¡ããã.
Key facts
ãã€ã³ã»ã¯ãªãŒãºã®äººé»éé±ã¯ãçŸä»£ã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®æšæºãšãªãçš®ã®æšæ¬ã§ããïŒå æ²¢ããããåéæããéæããªã¬ã³ãžãããããŒã€ãšããŒã®As2S3ããç ããããèç¶ã®è¢«èŠã§ã¯ãªããåãç«äœçãªæ¶ç°ãšããŠç€ºããæé«åã¯æ¹¿ãæ°ã®ããæš¹èå æ²¢ãããæ§ã®ãããªç«¯éšããããŠè²èª¿ããã¿ãŒãã£ã©ã¡ã«è²ãã¢ã³ããŒè²ããæ¿ããèµ€æ©è²ãžãšç§»åãããæããå ã®äžã§ã¯ãåã«é»è²ã«èŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªããå åŽããå ã£ãŠããããã«èŠããã

åç: Wikimedia Commons
ç£å°ã¯ãæ§ã³ã¬ã¯ã¿ãŒã®æèŠã®ããã³ããã¯ãªèªåã§æã£ããã³ã§ã¯ãªãããªã¹ã°ããå±±å°ã®ããã·é±åºã«ãã巚倧ãªCarlinåéé±åäºæ¥ã§ãããéãã®ãã®ã¯é¡åŸ®çã§ãå€è³ªããå€çå±€ãç«å±±å²©ã®ç é žéç¡«åç©ãšçµã³ã€ããŠããïŒäººé»éé±ã¯ããã®ç çŽ æ¿éç±æ°Žç±ç³»ã®é¡èãªå¯èŠè¡šçŸã§ããããã®å¯Ÿæ¯ãããé åã®äžéšã§ããïŒäžçã§ãæãè²åœ©è±ããªå±ç€ºé±ç©ã®äžã€ããèçŒã§èŠãããšãã§ããªãéé±é±åºããæ¡æãããã®ã§ããã
ãã€ã³ã»ã¯ãªãŒãºã¯1999幎ã«ã»ãŒäžå€ã§æåã«ãªã£ããMega Pitã®æ¡æã§æããé»è²-ãªã¬ã³ãžè²ã®ãã±ããå±€ãé²åºãããšãã§ããããã¥ãŒã¢ã³ãå°è³ªåŠè ã¯ããã®ç©è³ªãå°è³ªçã«è峿·±ãã ãã§ãªãæšæ¬çŽã§ãããšèªèããéåžžã®é±å±±çç£ãç Žå£ããåã«Collectorâs Edge MineralsãæèŽããŠååããããã®ååé¢ä¿ã¯ç£å°ã®éºç£ã®éèŠãªéšåã§ãããæé«çŽæšæ¬ã¯ãåã«ãã¿æšãŠå ŽããæŸããããã®ã§ã¯ãªããå·¥æ¥çæ¡æã®å¶çŽäžã§æåºããããã®ã§ãçç Žèšç»ãéæ©ãå®å šèŠåããããŠåãéé±ã®çµ¶ãéãªãçµæžæ§ã®éã«æãŸããç¶æ³ã§ãã£ãã
Collectorsã¯ãã€ã³ã»ã¯ãªãŒãºäººé»éé±ãäžã€ã®ç¹ã§è©äŸ¡ããïŒé£œåããè²ãå ç¢ãªçµæ¶ããããŠã³ã³ãã£ã·ã§ã³ã§ããã匷ãå æ²¢ã¯éåžžã«éèŠã§ãããçžã®éšåãçºå ãããããªåéææ§ãåæ§ã«éèŠã§ãããæãæãŸããäŸã¯ãäžæ¬¡å ã®çµæ¶çŸ€ãåé¢ããçµæ¶ããããã¯åºè³ªã®æç€ºãç¹ã«åªããŠãããã®ã§ããã倧åã®æšæ¬ã¯äºãã«æé·ããçµæ¶ã®çŸ€ã§ãããåºè³ªã®ããŒã¹ã¯ãå€ç«ãã人é»éé±ã®æ¿ãããå°ãªããæãåºè³ªããç«ã¡äžããéãçµæ¶çŸ€ã¯ç¹ã«å¹æçã§ããã

åç: Wikimedia Commons## Featured Specimens
Search for specimens: View all orpiment specimens from Twin Creeks Mine, Nevada, USA
Twin Creeks Mine is in the Potosi Mining District, Osgood Mountains, Humboldt County, Nevada, northeast of Winnemucca. The broader operation includes the famous Mega Pit and Vista Pit areas, along with later underground development. Historically, the operation consolidated the Rabbit Creek and Chimney Creek mines in the early 1990s; Newmont acquired Santa Fe Pacific Gold in 1997, and the property later became part of Nevada Gold Mines LLC, the Barrick-Newmont joint venture established in 2019.
Geologically, Twin Creeks is a Carlin-type, sediment-hosted gold system on the Getchell Trend. The main ore environment involves Cambrian-Ordovician to younger Paleozoic units, with the Comus Formation particularly important as a gold host. The mine geology is structurally complicated: thrusting, folding, high-angle faults, decalcification, silicification, mafic sills, and later hydrothermal overprints all helped focus mineralizing fluids. In the Mega Pit, the productive orpiment pockets were tied to open spaces created by folding, fracturing, and carbonate removalâexactly the sort of small, protected voids needed for delicate arsenic sulfide crystals to grow.







Photo: Wikimedia Commons
The orpiment discovery that made the locality famous came during active mining, when blasted ground exposed yellow and orange zones that proved to contain small pockets lined with bright crystals. Between spring and autumn 1999, the principal productive zone was recovered in a controlled collecting effort. The material is most commonly associated in the collector market with Cut 62 in the Mega Pit, although labels may also refer more generally to Twin Creeks Mine, the Mega Pit, or occasionally other cut designations.
Twin Creeks is an active industrial mine complex, not an open collecting locality. There is no casual public access, and modern collecting is governed by mine ownership, safety procedures, permitting, and production priorities. Nearly all collector-grade orpiment on the market comes from the preserved late-1990s/early-2000s material and subsequent dispersal through Collectorâs Edge, major dealers, auctions, museums, and private collections.
The original orpiment zone was finite and was worked out quickly. That is essential to understanding the locality: Twin Creeks orpiment is not a recurring show supply. Fine pieces appear because old collections are sold or dealer inventories are recycled, not because new pockets are being collected every season.## Twin Creeks Mine, Nevada, USAç£ã®é»éé±ã®ç¹æ§
Twin Creeksç£é»éé±ã¯ãéãå æ²¢ã®ããåææ¶ç³»çµæ¶ã®åãã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒã§æãããç¥ãããŠããŸããå€ãã®çµæ¶ã¯ããããããããã³ç¶ããŸãã¯ããç¶ã®ãšã³ããæã¡ãé·ããŠéç¶ãšããããã§ã¯ãããŸãããåªããæšæ¬ã¯çµæ¶é¢ã®çºéã匷ããäžŠè¡æé·ãé¡èãªæ¡çŽãå éšåå°ã掻çºã§ãåã ã®çµæ¶ã¯äžè¬ã«ããªã¡ãŒãã«ãäœã»ã³ãã¡ãŒãã«ã®ç¯å²ã«åãŸããŸããå€ãã®ã³ã¬ã¯ã¿ãŒæšæ¬ã§ã¯çµæ¶ãçŽ1â2 cmçšåºŠã§ãããåè¶ããçµæ¶ã¯ãã倧ããå ŽåããããŸãããã ããµã€ãºã ãã§ã¯é¡é¢å æ²¢ãéãããŸãã¯ãšããžãå·ãã§ããå Žåã«ã¯äžäœæšæ¬ã«ã¯ãªããŸããã
è²ã®ç¯å²ã¯ç£å°ã®ç¹åŸŽã®ã²ãšã€ã§ããé»éè²ãèèè²ã® pieces ãããã°ãæ·±ãç¥çè²ããªã¬ã³ãžè²ãèµ€ã¿ããã£ããªã¬ã³ãžè²ã®ãã®ããããŸããæè¯ã®æšæ¬ã¯ã飜åãããã¿ãŒã¯ãããŒè²ãããã¡ã€ã¢ãªã¬ã³ãžãžãšé£ç¶ããäœè²ãæã¡ãçžãåéæã§ããããã¯ã©ã€ãã£ã³ã°ã«ãããæ®éã®ãã£ããããå ã§æãèŠããçµæ¶ã§ãå éšãé»è²ãå ãã®ããããããšããããŸããçµæ¶ã®èåŸã«ããæãå å ç©ããããªãã¯ã¹ã¯èŠèŠå¹æãæ·±ããããã€ãã®æšæ¬ã«ã¹ã¢ãŒããŒãªç¥çè²ã®è²èª¿ãäžããããšããããŸãã
ã»ãšãã©ã®æšæ¬ã¯ããã¬ãŒãç¶ãããŒãŒããç¶ããã¡ã³ç¶ãäžã®ããã«æé·ããçµæ¶ã®éåäœã§ããå€ãã¯ã»ãšãã©ãããªãã¯ã¹ã䌎ãããé»éé±å¯Ÿé»éé±ã®çµæ¶ãäžå¿ã§ãããããªãã¯ã¹æšæ¬ã¯æ¯èŒççãããç¹ã«çµæ¶ãå¯Ÿç §çãªæè²ã®åºç€ããæž æœã«ç«ã¡äžããå Žåã«ã¯è¿œå ã®é¢å¿ãåŒããŸããæ¹è§£ç³ã¯æææãŸããé¢é£ããã¢ãœã·ãšãŒã·ã§ã³ãšããŠçŸããæ·¡é»ãç°è²ã®åç¶çµæ¶ãšããŠçŸããããšããããŸããMindat ã®åçããŒã¿ãšæšæ¬èª¬æã«ã¯ãä»®æ¶éç³ããçŽ éé±ãã²ããã§ã©ã€ãããã¯ããã¡ãŒãã³ã©ã€ããªã©ãé¢é£ãšããŠèšé²ãããŠããŸãããã¯ã©ã·ãã¯ãªTwin Creeks ã®é»éé±ã¯éåžžãè€éãªå ±çç¶æ ãããé»éé±èªäœãæåã«è©äŸ¡ãããŸãã
å質ã¯å æ²¢ãåéææ§ãæ¶äœã®å®çŸ©ãè²ã®é£œå床ãå¯©çŸæ§ãæå·åºŠã§è©äŸ¡ãããŸããå°ãããŠéãæ¶åºããå®ç³è³ªã®æªæå·æšæ¬ã¯ããã倧ããæŠãæžã£ããã¬ãŒããããæãŸããå ŽåããããŸããã³ã¬ã¯ã¿ãŒã¯ç«¯éšãšãšããžã现ãã芳å¯ããŸããé»éé±ã¯éåžžã«æããããè§£ç³ããããããã§ããé®®ãããªã¬ã©ã¹æ§ããæš¹èæ§ã®å æ²¢ãæã€ãã·ã£ãŒããªããç¶ãšã³ããåãã衚é¢ãæäžçŽã®å€èгã§ãããããã ãã§ãŒã¯ç¶ã§ãæ¥è§Šãå€ããèãæšæ¬ã¯ãç£å°ã©ãã«ãæ£ãããŠãã¯ããã«æãŸãããããŸããã## Collector Notes
Twin Creeks orpiment should be treated as a fragile, toxic arsenic sulfide specimen. Normal cabinet ownership is manageable with sensible handling, but it is not a mineral for children, jewelry use, pocket carrying, or repeated bare-handed abrasion. Handle it gently, wash hands afterward, keep dust generation to an absolute minimum, and avoid any cutting, grinding, or cleaning method that could make powder.
Condition is the main collecting issue. Orpiment has very low hardness and excellent cleavage, so bruised edges, nicked terminations, contacted faces, and small cleaved patches are common. On this localityâs material, minor edge wear can be acceptable if the specimen has strong color and luster, but pristine pieces command a premium. Always inspect crystal tips under magnification and look for flattened, lighter-colored bruises along ridges.
Repairs and stabilization deserve careful attention. Because many specimens were recovered from friable blasted ground and because orpiment itself is mechanically weak, some pieces may have repairs, backed areas, reattached crystals, or clear consolidant. These are not automatically disqualifying on major Twin Creeks specimens, but they should be disclosed and reflected in price. Watch for glossy adhesive lines, unnatural plastic-like sheen, misaligned striations, or matrix bases that look reinforced.
No major, locality-specific fake scandal is widely documented for Twin Creeks orpiment, but mislabeling is possible. Nevada has other important arsenic-sulfide occurrences, especially Getchell-area material, and non-Nevada orpiment can be superficially similar to buyers who shop by color alone. A credible old label from Collectorâs Edge, The Arkenstone, John Betts, or another established dealer is useful provenance. Cut 62 labels are especially meaningful when supported by older documentation.
Light exposure should be conservative. Orpiment is more stable than realgar in the usual collector sense, but prolonged strong light can dull or darken color. Display away from direct sun and intense hot lamps. Store in a dust-free case with stable humidity and minimal vibration. Do not use aggressive cleaning: a photographerâs blower and a very soft brush, used sparingly, are safer than water soaking, solvents, ultrasonic cleaning, or chemical dips.
Market availability is steady but limited. Miniatures and small-cabinet specimens still appear regularly through dealer listings, auctions, and collection dispersals, but top examples with strong color, luster, matrix, and minimal damage are increasingly treated as American classics. The locality has moved from ârecent findâ status into the realm of modern classics, and the best pieces are now bought as benchmark species specimens rather than merely attractive Nevada sulfides.## Stories & Field Notes
çŸããé±ç©ãæ¢ããŠãã人ã誰ãããªãã£ãå Žæã§ç©èªã¯å§ãŸããTwin Creeks 㯠invisible goldâã¢ãŒã»ãã¢ã³ç¡«åç©äžã«åæ£ãã埮ééããçŒã§ç§°è³ãããããåæã«ãã£ãŠæž¬å®ããéé±å±±ã ã£ãããªã«ãã¡ã³ãã®çºèŠä»¥åã¯ãæšæ¬å質ã®é±ç©ã¯é±å±±å°è³ªåŠè ãåå ã§èŠãããšãæåŸ ããŠãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã£ãã1999幎4æãæ°ããçç Žã«ããé»è²ãšãªã¬ã³ãžã®æ±ãã§ç€ºãããäœæ¥é¢ãçŸããã
äžèŠãããšããã®è²ã¯ãçŽ ãè±å¯ã«å«ãé系統ã®ããäžã€ã®å€è³ªä¿¡å·ã«éããªãã£ããããããªãããããè¿ã¥ããšãããã¯å šãå¥ã®ãã®ã ã£ããæããçµæ¶åãããªã«ãã¡ã³ãã䞊ã¶å°ããªéå£ãã±ããã ã£ãã岩ç³ã®éåžžã®éåœãæåãçç Žã鿬ãç Žç ãé žåãæµžåºãéååã§ããé±å±±ã§ã¯ããã±ããã¯é±ç©åŠçãªéåžžäºæ ã衚ããŠãããçŸããæšæ¬ãçç£ã®éè·¯äžã«çŽæ¥åº§ã£ãŠããã®ã ã
ãã¥ãŒã¢ã³ãã®å°è³ªåŠè ãCollectorâs Edge Minerals ã«é£çµ¡ãåããç°äŸã®åæãç¶ãããé±å±±ã®ç¬¬äžã®åªå äºé ã¯éã®çç£ã§ãããæ¡éå®¶ã¯å€§èŠæš¡é²å€©æåäœæ¥ã®ãªãºã ã®äžã§äœæ¥ããå¿ èŠããã£ãããªã«ãã¡ã³ãã®å åã瀺ãçç Žåãèšé²ããããç£åºããªã岩ç³ã¯çç ŽããŠé€å»ãããé±åããåºéã¯æšæ¬ååã®ããã®ç«ã¡æ±ãŸãã¯ãŸãŒã³ãšããŠæ®ãããŠãããå®çšçãªç®çã¯ç°¡æœã ãçšãªãã®ã ã£ãïŒé±å±±ãæãç¶ãããã€ã€ãçµæ¶ã«çåã®æ©äŒãäžããã
æ¡éã¯ã®ãã³ããšããé倿¡éã§ã¯ãªãã£ããéæ©ãå°ç€ãé²åºãããç¶ããŠç©ºæ°ééããã€ã€ã¢ã³ããœãŒãæå·¥å ·ãæ éãªæŽåœ¢ã§çްéšã®äœæ¥ãå§ãŸããæ¡éè ã¯å®å šå¶éãšçç Žé¿é£ã®éã§äœæ¥ããããã±ãããã¢ã¯ã»ã¹å¯èœã«ããã®ãšåãåããå€ããæãªãããšã«ãã€ãªãã£ããçç Žã®æ¯åã§ããã€ãã®ç©ºæŽã厩ãããç ãããããèãå°ç€ã¯ç¡å·ã®ååãé£ãããããããã§ããäœæ¥ã¯ gold åè·¯ãéããã«æžãã äœåãã®æšæ¬ãæã£ãã
äžã€ã® detail ãæåºã®èŠæš¡ãæãããçç£åã¯åãªãæã®ã²ããµã€ãºã® ãã±ããã§ã¯ãªããåéãé²ãçãå£ç¯ã®éã«åŠçãããé±åºèŠæš¡ã®åºéã ã£ããããã€ãã®ç©ºæŽã¯å°è±¡çãªæ·±ãã«éããããçªå£ã¯çãã£ãããŸãŒã³ãæ¡æãçµããé ã«ã¯ãçµæ¶ãçã¿åºããæ§é ã»éæŸç©ºéã»çµæ¶åãããªã«ãã¡ã³ãã®çµã¿åããã¯æ¶ãå»ã£ãŠããããã®çºèŠãæåã«ãªã£ãã®ã¯ãçµæ¶ãçŸããã£ãããã ãã§ãªããããããæãæ©äŒãããŸãã«ãçãã£ãããã§ããããTwin Creeks ã®çºèŠã¯ãæåŸ ã«ãå€åããããããŸããããã以åã¯ãã¯ã€ã«ãã«ã«ïŒãã«ãŒïŒãç³éïŒäžåœïŒãªã©ã®å°è³ªçºèŠå°ããäžçã¯ã©ã¹ã®çµæ¶åãªã«ãã¡ã³ããæ¢ãæ ç¹ãšãããŠããŸãããTwin Creeks ã®åŸããããå·ã¯ãããã©ã³ã¯ã«å«ãŸããã¹ãå°ã§ãããšèããããããã«ãªããŸããããã®æšæ¬ã¯åã«ã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœå ã§åªããŠããã ãã§ãªããäžççãªåºæºã§ãåªããŠããŸããããã®ããããã®ç£å°ã¯é«åºŠãªã³ã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã«ä»ãªã倧ããªäŸ¡å€ãæã¡ç¶ããŠããŸããç£æ¥çãªé鱿¡æãšåç©é€šã¬ãã«ã®é±ç©ä¿åãäžæçã«äº€å·®ããã±ãŒã¹ã§ãããäž¡åŽã®äººã ãäœãè³ããŠããããååã«è¿ éã«èªèãããããã§ãçµæ¶ãçãæ®ã£ãã®ã§ãã## é±ç©èšé²ãšåè¡ç©
Bryan K. Lees, âOrpiment from the Twin Creeks Mine, Humboldt County, Nevada,â The Mineralogical Record, 31(4), 311â331, 2000 â 1999幎ã®çºèŠãååãããžã§ã¯ããçµæ¶ã®èšè¿°ãåéå®¶ã«ãšã£ãŠã®æçŸ©ã瀺ãå¿ æºã®çŸå°æ å ±èšäºã
Robert B. Cook, âConnoisseurâs Choice: Orpiment, Twin Creeks Mine, Humboldt County, Nevada,â Rocks & Minerals, 75(2), 112â114, 2000 â Twin Creeksã®çç°ONYïŒãªã«ãã¡ã³ãïŒãã³ããµãŠã«çŽã®ç£åºãšããŠæ±ããåéå®¶åãã®çŠç¹ç解説ã
Frederick Breit, âGeology and gold deposits of the Twin Creeks Mine, Humboldt County, Nevada,â Geological Society of Nevada Symposium Proceedings, 2005 â 詳现ãªé±å±±å°è³ªãå°å±€åºåãæ§é å¶åŸ¡ãããã³Carlinåéã®èšå®ã
Grigore Simon, Stephen E. Kesler, and Stephen L. Chryssoulis, âGeochemistry and textures of gold-bearing arsenian pyrite, Twin Creeks, Nevada: Implications for deposition of gold in Carlin-type deposits,â Economic Geology, 94, 405â422, 1999 â èŒéèŠãªæè¡è«æã§ãçé žéç éé±ãšç®ã«èŠããªãéã®ã·ã¹ãã ãé±ç©ç°å¢ãã©ãå·Šå³ããããè«ããã
âEvidence of boiling and epithermal vein mineralization in Carlin-type deposits on the Getchell trend, Nevada,â Ore Geology Reviews, 106, 340â350, 2019 â Getchell Trendã®é屿°Žå æãå«ãæµäœå æã®èšŒæ ãå«ã¿ãåŸæç±æ°Žæ¡ä»¶ã®çè§£ã«åœ¹ç«ã€ã
Mindat occurrence record for orpiment from Twin Creeks Mine â 察象皮ã®ç£åºå°ãé¢é£é±ç©ãåçããŒã¿ãäž»èŠãªåèæç®ãèšé²ã
Smithsonian National Collections Program statistics, 2000 â Twin Creeksã®é鱿¥ã§çºèŠãããçµæ¶åãªã«ãã¡ã³ãã®åéèšé²ã«ã€ããŠèšåã
Nevada State Museum Newsletter, SeptemberâOctober 2001 â Newmontããã¥ãŒãã³ã®Twin Creeksç£ãªã«ãã¡ã³ã3ç¹ããããå·ç«åç©é€šãžå¯ä»ããããšãå ±åã## ãããªãèªè§£ãšå€éšãªã³ã¯
Mindat: Twin Creeks Mine locality page â äž»èŠãª locality ããŒã¿ããŒã¹ãšã³ããªãå°è³ªããŒããé±ç©ãªã¹ããåçãåèæç®ã
Mindat: Twin Creeks Mine ã®ãçŽ ç°ç³ (orpiment) â é±å±±ã§ã®ãçŽ é»é é±ã®çš®ç¹æã®åºçŸããŒãžã
Wikimedia Commons: Twin Creeks Mine media category â Twin Creeks ã®ãçŽ é»é é±ããã³é±å±±é¢é£è³æã®èªç±ã©ã€ã»ã³ã¹ç»åã
Le Comptoir Géologique: Twin Creeks Mine, Nevada ã®ãçŽ é»é é± â çºèŠã®çŸä»£çãªè©³çްæŠèŠãå°è³ªãååãããžã§ã¯ããçµæ¶åœ¢ç¶ã飿ºãä¿åæçŸ©ã
ResearchGate: Bryan K. Lees, âOrpiment from the Twin Creeks Mine, Humboldt County, Nevadaâ â ããŒè«æ Mineralogical Record ã®èŠæšãšæžèªæ å ±ã
Geological Society of Nevada: Geology and gold deposits of the Twin Creeks Mine â ãã€ã³ã® Carlin åå°è³ªãšé±èå¶åŸ¡ã®èŠçŽã ãæè¡çã
NDEP ãã¡ã¯ãã·ãŒã: Twin Creeks Mine â North Project â åéšãããžã§ã¯ãã®èŠå¶ã»éçšèæ¯ãæææš©ãšåŠçå±¥æŽãå«ãã
NDEP ãã¡ã¯ãã·ãŒã: Twin Creeks Mine â South Project â Mega Pit ãšãªã¢ãšåéšãããžã§ã¯ãæœèšã®èŠå¶èæ¯ã
Newmont: Twin Creeks Underground 忥çç£çºè¡š â åŸã®å°äžæ¡åŒµã«åããæçšãªéçšæèã