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Search for specimens: View all vivianite specimens from Siglo Veinte Mine, Bolivia
Siglo Veinte Mineâalso written Siglo XX, and historically associated with the Llallagua and Catavi namesâis at Llallagua, Rafael Bustillo Province, Potosà Department, Bolivia. Mindat places the mine at 18° 25' 22" S, 66° 35' 32" W, only a short distance southwest of the Llallagua town center. Its principal commodities are tin, tungsten, and bismuth, but to mineral collectors its fame rests equally on the extraordinary late phosphate and sulfosalt assemblages recovered from a tin system of unusual richness.
The deposit is part of the Bolivian Tin Belt and is centered on the Salvadora stock, a shallow, strongly hydrothermally altered porphyry system intruded into SilurianâDevonian sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks. Published geologic work describes the system as a tin porphyry and hydrothermal vein deposit, with mineralization concentrated in and around a roughly 1.7 by 1.0 km stock. The altered intrusive rocks include rhyodacitic to dacitic porphyry, igneous breccias, and crosscutting dikes; alteration ranges from deep tourmalinization through quartz-sericite assemblages to chloritic and argillic zones outward. Cassiterite mineralization occurs both disseminated and in veins and breccia fillings, while the hydrous iron-aluminum phosphates, including the vauxite family and vivianite, belong to later, lower-temperature stages in open fractures and vein environments.
The mineâs name means âTwentieth Century,â a reference to the beginning of serious tin mining around 1901. It was later acquired by Simón Iturri Patiño, the Bolivian tin magnate often called the âKing of Tin.â After the 1952 Bolivian National Revolution, Siglo Veinte and related mines were nationalized under COMIBOL, and the CataviâSiglo XX complex became one of the central pillars of the state mining system. Large-scale state production ended in 1987 during Boliviaâs economic restructuring; subsequent work has been carried out by cooperative miners working independently or in small groups.
For mineral collecting, that history matters. Many of the finest vivianites and associated phosphates are old-time specimens from the high-production decades of the mine, and pieces with reliable older labels command special respect. The Contacto vein is particularly important in the collecting literature for phosphate specimens, especially paravauxite and sigloite, and dealer records also place some fine vivianite specimens specifically from that vein. Collecting access today is not comparable to a classic open collecting locality: this is an active and historically hazardous mining area, and any underground or dump work requires local authorization and practical mine-safety knowledge.é±å±±ã®é¡èãªçºèŠã¯ãã£ããããããã©ã«ã«çãŸããªããã©ãžã£ã©ã¬ã¯ãªã³é žå¡©é±ç©åŠãšå°ç幎代åŠã®éèŠãªç§åŠææãçã¿åºããŠãããç ç©¶ãããããã¢ã³ãµã€ããç±æ°Žæ§ã¢ãã¶ã€ãããã«ãªãã¢ãã¿ã€ãããŒãã¿ã€ã ãã¬ã¹ãµã€ãæé±ç©ããããŠã¹ãã€ã³é±åž¯ã®èç¶éåäœãå«ããã³ã¬ã¯ã¿ãŒã«ãšã£ãŠãã·ã°ãã»ãã€ã³ãã®ããã¢ã³ãµã€ãã¯åãªãè²åœ©è±ããªéãªã³é žå¡©ä»¥äžã®ãã®ã§ãããäžå€®ã¢ã³ãã¹ã®ã¹ãº-ãªã³é žç³»ã®åºæºãšãªãæšæ¬ã®ææã¡æšæ¬ã§ããã## Siglo Veinte Mine, Bolivia ããã® vivianite ã®ç¹åŸŽ
Siglo Veinte ã® vivianite ã¯ãçµæ¶ãããªãºããã£ãã¯ããå£ç¶ã®åææ¶ç³»ã§ããããšãæãããç¥ãããŠãããéåžžã¯å°ã㪠sprayedãå¹³è¡çŸ€ããŸãã¯åºè³ªäžã«å£ã®ãããªçµæ¶ãšããŠå€ç«ããŠèŠãããŸãã å ¬éãããç£å°ããŒã¿ã¯çµæ¶ã®é·ãã 10 cm ãŸã§èšé²ããŸãããåžå Žã§èŠãããã»ãšãã©ã®ã³ã¬ã¯ã¿ãŒåãæšæ¬ã¯ã¯ããã«å°ããããµã ãã€ã«ããããã¥ã¢ã¯çŽ 1â5 cm ã®çµæ¶ãããäžè¬çã§ãæ°åã®çµæ¶ãå«ãå°åãã£ããããæšæ¬ããã倧ã㪠blade ã1ã€å«ããã®ã¯å°ãªãã§ããæ¢ç¥æšæ¬ã®è²©å£²è ã®èª¬æã«ã¯ã3.3 cm ã®ã€ãã4.7 cm ã®åç¬ã®ãå£ãçµæ¶ã6.8 cm ã®åºè³ªçãçŽ 7 cm åæ¹ã®å°åãã£ããããã®é¢é£æšæ¬ãå«ãŸããŸãã
è²ã¯ãã®ç£å°ã®ç¹åŸŽã®ã²ãšã€ã§ããè¯å¥œãªçµæ¶ã¯ãã£ãŒã«ãã«ãŒããã«ãŒã°ãªãŒã³ããæ·±ããšã¡ã©ã«ãã°ãªãŒã³ãŸã§ã®ç¯å²ã§ããå éšã¯å®ç³ã®ããã«éæã§ãã衚é¢ã¯å æ²¢ãå°ãªãå Žåããããèé¢ç §ææã«æãçªä»ãã®å€èгã瀺ããŸããã»ãã«ã¯åå æ²¢ãŸãã¯ãããã§ãç¹ã«å€ãæšæ¬ã¯èªç¶ãŸãã¯åéã«ãã衚é¢å€åãçµãŠããããšããããŸãã Vivianite ã¯é žåãšå exposure ã«ããæããªããããæãæ¿ãè²ãå¿ ãããæãæããDisplayè²ãšã¯éãããéåžžã«æãçµæ¶ã以åã¯ãã£ãšèãéæã ã£ãããšããããŸãã
æãç¹åŸŽçãªçµã¿åããã¯ãchildeniteãparavauxiteãvauxiteãmetavauxiteãsigloiteãwavellite ãŸã㯠fluorwavelliteãç³è±ãéã®çé žå¡©ãé»éé±ãéé žåç©ãªã©ã§ããChildrenite ãš paravauxite ã®çµã¿åããã¯ç¹ã«é«ãè©äŸ¡ãããæšæ¬ã Llallagua ã®ãªã³é žå¡©çŸ€ã«ãã£ãããšäœçœ®ã¥ããŸãã é®®ãããªãã£ãŒã«è²ã® vivianite blade ããèŒãæ·¡ãåç³ã®èŠå±€ãšçµã¿åããã£ãçµã¿åããã¯ãSiglo Veinte ã®äžã§ãæã蚺æçã§é åçãªãã®ã®äžã€ã§ããæ·¡ãç·è²ã® paravauxite ã䌎ã vivianite ã¯çãããç¹ã«å€ãã©ãã«ã Contacto 茪ã®ç£å°ã確èªã§ããå Žåã«ã¯ããæãŸãããšãããŠããŸãã
å質ã®åºåã¯ããªãæç¢ºã§ããäžäœã«ã¯å ãéããå®å šã§ã匷ãè²ãæã¡ãå ç«¯ãæ¬ ããŠããããéææ§ã瀺ããæå³ã®ãããªã³é žå¡©ã®é¢é£ãæã€çµæ¶ã䞊ã³ãŸãã éãçŸãããšã¡ã©ã«ãã°ãªãŒã³ã®ãå£ã1æ¬ã§ããæå·ããªãååã«ææžåãããŠããã°çŽ æŽãããæšæ¬ãšãªãåŸãŸããåºè³ªæšæ¬ã¯ãåºè³ªã childeniteãparavauxiteããŸãã¯ãã®ä»ã® Siglo Veinte ã®ãªã³é žå¡©ã recognizable ãšããŠå«ãå Žåãäžè¬ã«çµæ¶ã ãã®æšæ¬ãã奜ãŸããŸãã lesser pieces ã¯ãæããäžéæã§ãæã¡èº«ã®ããã«èŠããããå²ãããããããã¯è¶è²ããªã¢ãã€ãåºè³ªãšèŠèŠçã«çŽãããããªãåŸåããããŸãã
ãã®ç£å°ã®ç©è³ªã¯ãé¡é¢ã®å æ²¢ãåããçŸããé»éé±ãã«ã·ãã©ã€ãã®ãããªäŸ¡å€ã¯éåžžã¯é«ãè©äŸ¡ãããŸããã ããã¯çµæ¶ã®åœ¢ã飜åããéç·è²ãçµã¿åããã®åžå°æ§ãåºèªããã㊠Llallagua ã®ãªã³é žå¡©ç°å¢ã®æç¢ºãªååšæã®ããã«è©äŸ¡ãããŸãã## Collector Notes
Siglo Veinte vivianite is a classic but not a common market mineral. Old specimens appear periodically through specialist dealers, auctions, and dispersed collections, often described as old-time material from the 1940s through 1970s or as pieces from older Bolivian collections. Recent online dealer records show numerous examples sold rather than sitting in stock, including single crystals, matrix miniatures, and vivianite with childrenite or paravauxite. When available, prices vary strongly with size, sharpness, association, and provenance; fine miniatures and small-cabinet examples can move quickly because serious phosphate collectors, Bolivian-suite collectors, and vivianite specialists all compete for the same limited pool.
Condition is the central issue. Vivianite has perfect cleavage, low hardness, and a strong tendency to darken when exposed to light. Old Siglo Veinte crystals may show edge bruising, repaired tips, cleavage cracks, or dulled faces. Inspect terminations carefully, especially on sword-like crystals where the tip is visually important. Look also for old glue along the base of matrix-mounted crystals, because vivianite blades can detach cleanly along cleavage or from friable limonitic matrix.
Light management is essential. Display under low-intensity, short-duration lighting only, and avoid direct sun or prolonged case lighting. The safest long-term storage is in darkness, with occasional viewing rather than permanent illumination. A specimen that is already dark and opaque may still be collectible, but transparency and internal green color are part of the value, so unnecessary light exposure is a real loss.
No widely cited, locality-specific treatment scandal is associated with Siglo Veinte vivianite in the standard mineralogical sources. The more realistic authenticity concerns are labeling and attribution. Bolivian vivianite also comes from Huanuni, Tomokoni, Morococala, and other districts, and loose green vivianite blades can be difficult to place without matrix or provenance. Siglo Veinte pieces with childrenite, paravauxite, vauxite-family minerals, old Llallagua labels, or a traceable dealer or collection history are stronger purchases than isolated unlabeled crystals.
Be wary of overly broad labels such as âBoliviaâ upgraded to âSiglo XXâ without evidence. A credible label should include Siglo XX or Siglo Veinte, Llallagua, PotosÃ, and ideally the older Catavi/Llallagua wording if it came from an old collection. Contacto vein attribution is valuable, but it should be treated as a provenance claim, not assumed from appearance alone.## Stories & Field Notes
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ãã®æŽå²ã¯ãã·ã°ãã»ãã€ã³ãæšæ¬ã«ãå€ãã®å€å žçå°æ¹ã«èŠããããã®ã«ã¯ãªãæ æçãªéã¿ãäžããŠããããªã£ãžã£ãã¡ã®ããã¢ãã€ãã¯é±ç©æšæ¬ãšããŠã®äŸ¡å€ãæã€ããããã¯ç§åŠãåŽåå²ã nationalizationïŒåœæåïŒãåœå®¶ã¹ãºæ¡æã®åŽ©å£ãããã³ååçµåã®çåã亀差ããå°ç¹ã«åãå»ãã é±å±±çºã®åæ®ã§ããããæè¯ã®å€ãã©ãã«ã¯ããã®äžçã®å°ããªææžã§ããã## é±ç©åŠçèšé²ãšåè¡ç©- Mindat: Siglo Veinte Mine, Llallagua, Rafael Bustillo Province, PotosÃ, Bolivia ã§ã®ãŽã£ãã¢ãã€ãã®ç£å°ããŒãž â åçããŒã¿ãšåç §ãå«ããç£å°ã«ããããŽã£ãã¢ãã€ãã®åºçŸããŒãžã
Mindat: Siglo Veinte Mine ç£å°ããŒãž â 座æšãå¥åãé±ç©ãªã¹ããååãªã¹ããåç §ãå«ããã³ã¢ç£å°èšé²ã
Rodgers, K. A., Kobe, H. W., and Childs, C. W. (1993). âCatavi, Llallagua Bolivia ããã®ãŽã£ãã¢ãã€ãã®ç¹åŸŽã¥ã.â Mineralogy and Petrology 47, 193â208 â MgãZnãMnããããã«å«ãã»ãŒçæ³çãªãŽã£ãã¢ãã€ãçµæã瀺ããåå æ³ãåäœèãããã³ç±ããŒã¿ãå ±åããåæç ç©¶ã
Petrov, Alfredo, and Hyrsl, Jaroslav (2006). âæåé±ç©ç£å°: Llallagua, Bolivia.â The Mineralogical Record 37(2), 117â162 â LlallaguaãšSiglo Veinteã®äž»èŠãªçŸä»£ã³ã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã»ç£å°èšäºã
Mineralogical Record digital back issue, MarchâApril 2006: Llallagua â PetrovãšHyrslã®Llallaguaèšäºãå«ãå·ã®è³Œå ¥ããŒãžã
Betkowski, W. B., Rakovan, J., and Harlov, D. E. (2017). âGeochemical and textural characterization of phosphate accessory phases in the vein assemblage and metasomatically altered Llallagua tin porphyry.â Mineralogy and Petrology 111, 1â22 â å€è³ªããåœããŒãµã€ãç³»ããã³ç±æ°Žèç³»ã«ããããã«ãªãã¢ãã¿ã€ããã¢ããžã³ããŒãã¿ã€ã ã®ç ç©¶ã
Betkowski, W. B., Rakovan, J., and Harlov, D. E. (2022). âGeochronological characterization of Llallagua altered porphyry and hydrothermal vein assemblages from selected phosphate minerals and zircon.â Lithos â Llallaguaã®é«ããŒããã¡ãªãŒç³»ã·ã¹ãã ã®å¹Žéœ¢ãšé²åãæ±ãå°ç幎代åŠè«æã
RRUFF Database: Vivianite R040185 â ã¢ãªãŸã倧åŠé±ç©åç©é€šæèµã®Siglo XX Mine ã®ãŽã£ãã¢ãã€ãã®RRUFFåæèšé²ãXç·åæãšååŠåæã§ç¢ºèªã
Cook, R. B., and Pohwat, P. (2003). âLlallagua, Bolivia: Mineral associations and habits exhibited by micromounts in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History.â â ã·ã¥ããããœã³æ©é¢ã®å€©ç¶æšæ¬å±ç€ºãšã³ã¬ã¯ã¿ãŒã»ç§åŠè ã®æŽå²ãèŠçŽããLlallaguaã®Micromountéåã®æŠèŠã
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