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Cumbria ã® Nenthead ã«ãã Alston Moor ã® Brownley Hill Mine ã¯ãåãã³ãã³å±±èã®çã®ã¯ã©ã·ãã¯ãšãããæ¡éå°ã®è¶£ãæã¡ãé±ç³é±å±±ã®æŽå²ãçé žå¡©å²©ã«å«ãŸããèãšå¹³åŠéšããããŠã¢ã³ããŒè²ã®èç³ãèªç¶ã«é»è²ã¹ãã¡ã¬ã©ã€ããæ¹è§£ç³ãéç³ãéäºéé±ãé·ç³ãç³è±ãæ¹è§£ç³ãããããžã³ãµã€ããšå ±åããæšæ¬çŸ€ãç¹åŸŽãšããŠããŸããæ±ãžããã«é²ãã Weardaleã® Rogerley-Diana Maria ã®äœæ¥å Žã§èŠãããã匷ãç·è²ã®æŒå èå ã¹ã¿ã€ã«ãšã¯ç°ãªããBrownley Hill ã®èç³ã¯éãã§äŒçµ±çãªè¶£ãããããŸããæããé»è²ããç¥çè²ã®ç«æ¹äœã§ãç¡«åç©ã«å¯ãåºè³ªäžã«çŸããããšãå€ããå éšã«ããç ã®ããã£ã圱ããšããžã®å®ç³è³ªæãäžå¿éšãæ¿ããããã¯çœã£ãœãåäœããçç·Žã®è±åœå collectors ã«ããåããç¹åŸŽãšããŠèªèãããŠããŸãã

åç: Steetley Minerals
ãã®é±å±±ã¯ Northern Pennine Orefield ã«äœçœ®ããç³ç°å²©ã»é 岩ã»ç 岩ãªã©ã®ç³ç°å²©å±€ã®Alston Block ãé±èã«ãã£ãŠè²«éããã屿çã«ã¯ãå¹³åŠãåã®é±åºãžãšçœ®æãããŠããŸãããé±å±±åž¯ã®äžå¿éšã®èç³ãè±å¯ã«å«ãéšåã§ã¯ãèç³ã¯ç³è±ãæ¹è§£ç³ãã¢ã³ã±ã©ã€ããæ¹ç¡ç³ããã©ã€ãããŠã£ã¶âã©ã€ããæ¹éé±ãã¹ãã¡ã¬ã©ã€ããšå ±ã«äž»èŠãªã¬ã³ã°é±ç©ã§ããBrownley Hill ã®èç³ã¯ç¹ã« Jug Vein ãšè¿é£ã® Great Limestone é±å±±äœæ¥ãšé¢é£ãæ·±ããã³ã¬ã¯ã¿ãŒéã¯å æ²¢ã®ããç¥çè²ã®ç«æ¹äœããæè²ã®ã¹ãã¡ã¬ã©ã€ãã®äžã«çœ®ãããæ¿ç¶ãæŽçªç¶ã®æšæ¬ã奜ãã§ããŸãã
Brownley Hill ã¯èç³ä»¥å€ã®é±ç©åŠçæçŸ©ãéèŠã§ããã¢ã«ã¹ãã³ç³æ§åŒã®æšæºçãªãªã¹ããè¶ ããBaCa(CO3)2 ã®åç£å°ãšããŠã® alstoniteãZn3(CO3,SO4)(OH)4 ã® brianyoungite ã®åç£å°ãšããŠãæãããããã®é±ç©ãªã¹ãã¯äžè¬çãªé-äºéã®éåãè¶ ããŠããŸãããã® wider ãªåžå°æ§ã Brownley Hill ã®èç³ã«ãããªãæèãäžããŠããŸãïŒè¯ãèç³ã¯åãªãçŸããè±åœã®ã¹ããŒæšæ¬ã§ã¯ãªããæãç ç©¶ãé²ãã§ããæŽå²çã«å±€ç¶ãª Nenhead é±å±±ã®äžã€ã®èŠçŽ ãšããããšã§ãã
ã³ã¬ã¯ã¿ãŒã¯é®®æãªç«æ¹æ¶ã®çµæ¶ãæ±ããå·šå€§ãªæ¹è§£ç³ããã¯å°ããªãã£ããããã»ãããã¥ã¢æšæ¬ã奜ã¿ãŸããç¥çè²ããèè²ã®è±ããªè²åãã端éšã®è¯å¥œãªéæåºŠãã¹ãã¡ã¬ã©ã€ããæ¹è§£ç³ã㢠ã³ã±ã©ã€ããç³è±ãæ¹éé±ãããããžã³ãµã€ããšã®ä¹±ãã®ãªãå ±åãç¹åŸŽã§ããæé«åè³ªã®æšæ¬ã¯ãèãç¥çè²ã®èç³ãé»è€è²ã®ã¹ãã¡ã¬ã©ã€ããšå¯Ÿç §ãæãã«ã¯ã£ãããšãã contrasting ãæã¡ãæã«ã¯éå±å æ²¢ãæã€æ¹éç³ãéçé žå¡©ã®è±åœ¢ã質æãå ããŸãã倧ããªéæ¿ã¯ããã£ããããæšæ¬ããããã¥ã¢æšæ¬ãããã¯ããã«å°ãªããæã匷ãäŸã¯å€ãåéçµæŽãæã€ãã®ããŸã㯠Jug Vein ã®åºå žãæç¢ºã«èšããããã®ãå€ãèŠãããŸãã## Featured Specimens
Search for specimens: View all fluorite specimens from Brownley Hill Mine, UK
Brownley Hill Mine is part of the Nenthead group of mines on Alston Moor, Cumbria, within the Northern Pennine Orefield. The locality is commonly recorded as Brownley Hill Mine, or Brownley Hill Mine (Bloomsberry Horse Level), Nenthead, Alston Moor, Cumbria, England, UK. Mindat gives the position as 54° 47Ⲡ47ⳠN, 2° 20Ⲡ53ⳠW, with UK National Grid Reference NY776447.
Geologically, this is a classic Carboniferous carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn-F-Ba vein and replacement setting. The broader orefield is famous for steep veins following faults and fractures, together with stratabound replacement bodies or âflatsâ in favourable limestone horizons. At Brownley Hill, the Great Limestone is particularly important, and both veins and flats contributed to the mineâs mineral suite. The mine worked numerous veins, including Carrs Vein, Wellgill Cross Vein, Brownley Hill Moss Cross Vein, West High Cross Vein, High Cross Vein, Jug Vein, Brownley Hill North Vein, Brownley Hill Vein, Tatters String Vein, North Middle Vein, Middle Vein, and Sun Vein. For fluorite collectors, the Jug Vein is the name most often attached to the classic amber-yellow fluorite-sphalerite specimens.






The deposit was worked primarily for lead and later zinc, not for specimen fluorite. Brownley Hill was one of the notable Nenthead mines not developed in the usual way by the London Lead Company. It was opened from two principal levels: the Bloomsberry Horse Level, now generally referred to as Brownley Hill Low Level, and Brownley Hill High Level. Early records from 1735 show the mine was already known in the Greenwich Hospital period, and later eighteenth-century attempts targeted the Brownley Hill Vein, cross veins, and the Jug Vein. By the nineteenth century, the Bloomsberry Horse Level allowed deeper and broader access to earlier workings. As high-grade lead ore declined, zinc became increasingly significant, and the Vieille Montagne Zinc Company took the lease in 1914. The mine operated under Vieille Montagne until 1936.
The mineâs documented production story is not a simple rise and fall. Workings shifted between lead and zinc, higher and lower horizons, and several companies. A later trial Slate Sill level was driven southeast of Brownley Hill Moss Cross Vein between 1964 and 1966, long after the main productive life of the mine. For specimen collectors, however, the key period for many attractive amber fluorite-sphalerite groups is thought to be around 1910â1920, in the late lead-zinc era when the sulphide-rich material that gives Brownley Hill fluorite its best visual contrast was being exposed.æ¡éã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã¯ããã§ã¯æ·±å»ãªåé¡ã§ããé±å±±ã¯ casual collecting site ã§ã¯ãªããå°äžã®æŽå²çãªäœæ¥å Žã§ããåºç¯ãªåºç»ãäœå±€ããäŸç¶ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹å¯èœãšèšè¿°ãããŠããŸãããã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã¬ãã«ã¯è²§ããå±éºã§ãããšãèšè¿°ãããŠãããããã€ãã®å€§çç³ç³»ã®é±åºãæ¯èŒçè¯å¥œã«ä¿åãããŠããç®æã§ãåæ§ã§ãããã©ãŠã³ãªãŒã»ãã«ã¯ãå€ãæ¢ãåãããããæ°Žãæªã空æ°ã®ãªã¹ã¯ãäžå®å®ãªå°ç€ãæŽå²çãªé±å±±æ§é ã䌎ããè€éã§å±éºãªãã³ããããå°äžãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®äžéšã§ããæ¡éã¯ãç¬èªã®å ¥å£ããããæ£åœãªèš±å¯ãçµç¹åãããé±å±±å²ã°ã«ãŒãã確ç«ãããæšæ¬åžå Žã®ã«ãŒããéããŠè¡ãã¹ãã§ãã
ãã©ãŠã³ãªãŒã»ãã«ããã®é¡èãªçºèŠã¯ãèç³ãã¯ããã«è¶ ããŠããŸãããã©ãŠã³ãªãŒã»ãã«ç£ã®ã¢ã«ã¹ããã€ãã«ã¯ã19äžçŽã®èšè¿°ã«é¡ãé·ãæŽå²ããããçŸä»£ã®èª¿æ»ã§ãé±å±±å ã§ã®ã¢ã«ã¹ããã€ãããã®å Žã«ååšããããšã確èªãããŠããŸããããªã¢ãã§ã³ç³ã¯ãåéšè±åœå ã®é±èå°åž¯ã§ã®æ°é±ç©ãšããŠèšè¿°ããããã©ãŠã³ãªãŒã»ãã«ãåæåšå°ãšãªã£ãŠããŸãããããã£ãç³ããè±åœåæã®åºçŸãšããŠãã©ãŠã³ãªãŒã»ãã«ããèšé²ãããŠããŸããèç³ã«ã€ããŠç¹ã«é¡èãªçºèŠã¯ããžã¥ã°èæããã®ç¥çè²ããé»ã¿ã®ç«æ¹äœçŸ€ã§ãããç¹ã«éäºéé±ãæ¹è§£ç³ãæ¹é·ç³ãã¬ã¬ãããªãŒãŒã³é žäºéãç³è±ãªã©ãšé¢é£ããå Žåã§ãã## Brownley Hill Mine, UK ã®èç³ã®ç¹åŸŽ
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Brownley Hillâs story begins with a disappointment. Records from 1735, in the Greenwich Hospital period, described the mine as having no real economic value. The earliest workings were surface shafts on the Brownley Hill Vein, where lead was the target and silver was recovered as a by-product. In the middle of the eighteenth century, the London Lead Company took a lease for just under 20 years and tried to make the ground pay. They worked the Brownley Hill Vein in the Little Limestone and in the hazles above it, and did obtain a considerable amount of ore, but water stopped them from following the ore deeper.
Their answer was engineering: drive Brownley Hill High Level in the sills above the Great Limestone, hoping to reach the Little Limestone and gain access to the bottom of old workings. The plan did not deliver. Only a fraction of the expected ore was found. The company also tried Brownley Hill Moss Cross Vein and Jug Vein, the very name that would later become important to mineral collectors, but poor ventilation forced them to abandon that ground as well. The outlay had produced too little, and the lease was surrendered before it expired.
Then came a reversal. At the end of 1765, a new lease was taken by a two-man team who won a very large amount of ore from the cross veins as well as the Brownley Hill Vein. Their ore was sold to the London Lead Company, turning the earlier failure into a profitable episode. In 1795 the lease passed to the newly formed Brownley Hill Lead Company, at precisely the moment when war with France was pushing up the price of lead. When the lead price fell again, the lease was sold in 1816, but the mine continued under the same Brownley Hill Lead Company name.
The great practical change was the Bloomsberry Horse Level. Once driven, it allowed earlier veins to be worked from below: Guddamgill Cross Vein, Wellgill Cross Vein, Brownley Hill North Vein, Brownley Hill Vein, Brownley Hill Moss Cross Vein, Brownley Hill High Cross Vein, and Jug Vein. The lower lead ore was poorer than the higher ground had been, but the zinc ore was good enough to matter. That zinc would become Brownley Hillâs late-life strength. The operation survived into the mid-1850s, changed hands again in 1869, was sold to the Nenthead and Tynedale Lead and Zinc Company in 1890, and eventually passed to Vieille Montagne in 1914 after high-grade lead ore had been depleted. Vieille Montagne worked it for zinc until 1936.é±ç©åŠçãªç©èªã¯ãæ¡æã®ç©èªãš parallel ã«èµ°ãã1909幎ãã¢ã«ã¹ãã³ã®ãžã§ã€ã³ãã»ãŠã©ã«ãã³ã¯ã¢ã«ã¹ãã³ç³ã®æŽå²ã«ã€ããŠæžãã1834幎é ã1835幎é ã«ç¥ç¶ã§ãããžã§ã€ã³ãã»ãŠã©ã«ãã³ããããŒãžã£ãŒã ã£ãæä»£ã«ãã®é±ç©ããã©ãŠã³ãªãŒã»ãã«ã§åããŠæ¡åãããããšãåæ³ããŠããããŠã©ã«ãã³ã¯ããããã倧ããªæºïŒã°ã¬ãŒãã»ã©ã€ã ã¹ããŒã³ïŒããåå²ããå°ããªèããžã£ã°èãšåŒã°ããèããæ¥ãããšèšæ¶ããŠããããã®èšæ¶ã¯ãã³ã¬ã¯ã¿ãŒãžã®èŽãç©ã®ãããªãã®ã ãåã®ããå®¶ç³»ããããŒãžã£ãŒã®èšæ¶ãåä»ããããèããããŠåŸã«ãã©ãŠã³ãªãŒã»ãã«ã®èç³ã泚ç®ãéããåãå°è³ªæ°Žå¹³å±€ã
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Green, David I.; McCallum, David; Wood, Mike. ãæåãªé±ç©ç£å°ïŒãã©wnley Hillé±å±±ãã¢ã«ã¹ãã³ã»ã ãŒã¢å°åºãã«ã³ããªã¢ã Englandã The Mineralogical Record, 31(3), 231â250, 2000. â ãã©ãŠã³ãªãŒã»ãã«ã®äž»èŠãªçŸä»£ç£å°èšäºã§ãããå€ãã®çš®ã®æç®ãšããŠåŒçšãããæšæºçåç §
Young, B.; Greenbank, L.; Nancarrow, P. H. A. ãBrownley Hill Mine, Nenthead, Cumbriaã«ãããçŸå°ã¢ã«ã¹ãã³ç³ã Mineralogical Magazine, 54(376), 515â516, 1990. â Brownley Hillã§ã®ã¢ã«ã¹ãã³ç³ã®çŸå°ç¢ºèªãšJug Veinããã³Great Limestoneã®é±ç©åã«ã€ããŠã®èå¯
Livingstone, A.; Champness, P. E. ãhydrozinciteã«é¢é£ããæ°é±ç© brianyoungiteãåè±ã¬ã³é±å±±åž¯ããã Mineralogical Magazine, 57(389), 665â670, 1993. â brianyoungiteã®èšè¿°ãBrownley Hillãæšæ¬ç£å°ãšããŠæããããŠãã
Livingston, A. ãSmallcleughããã³Brownley Hillé±å±±ãNenthead, Cumbriaã«ãããktenasiteã®äºéé¡äŒŒäœã Journal of the Russell Society, 4(1), 13â16, 1991. â Brownley Hillããã³è¿æ¥Smallcleughããã®äºæ¬¡äºé-é ç¡«é žå¡©é±ç©åŠã«é¢ããçŠç¹ããŒã
Critchley, Martin F. ãNenthead Mines, Cumbriaã®æŽå²ãšæ¡æäœæ¥ã Bulletin of the Peak District Mines Historical Society, 9(1), 倿1984. â Nentheadæ¡é±è€åäœãšåç€Ÿã®æŽå²ã®æŽå²çæŠèг
Dunham, K. C. Geology of the Northern Pennine Orefield, Volume I: Tyne to Stainmore. Geological Survey / British Geological Survey, 1948; revised edition 1990. â åéšãã³ã©ã€ã³é±å±±åž¯ã®åºç€çå°åå°è³ªãAlston Blockèç³»ãå«ã
Hall, Townshend M. The Mineralogistâs Directory: or, a guide to the Principal Mineral Localities in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Edward Stanford, 1868. âBrownley Hillçš®ã®åæå°å·ç£å°åç §ãšããŠæãããããã¢ã«ã¹ãã³ç³ãéé±ãé»éé±ãå«ã
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