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åç: Wikimedia Commons
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åç: Wikimedia Commons
ãã®è±é¥ãã®å°è³ªçãªçç±ã¯ãLavrionã®è€éãªé±åå²ã«ãããå°åºã¯ã¢ãã£ãã¯âãã¯ã©ãã¹çµæ¶åž¯ã«äœçœ®ããããã€ãã®é±åæ§åŒãå«ãïŒé»éé±ç³»ã¢ãªããã³é ïŒporphyry MoïŒãã¹ã«ã«ã³ç³»Fe-Cu-Bi-Teãçé žå¡©çœ®æPb-Zn-Cu-As-Sb-Ag ± Au-Biãèããã³ãã¬ã·ã¢ç€ŠïŒPb-Zn-Cu-As-Sb-Ag-Au-Ni-BiïŒããã³Fe-ããã³Znã«å¯ãã²ããµã³ãçé žå¡©æ¯å²©ãç¡«åç©é±ç©ãå¥é¢é¢é£æ§é ãç¹°ãè¿ãããé žåãšåæ²çã¯ãã¢ã©ãŽãã€ãã®ãããªåŸæã®çé žå¡©é±ç©ã空æŽãèŠãã以åã®ææã眮æãããããã¯ãµã€ããŒç¶ã®åœ¢æ ãšããŠæé·ããã®ã«ãŽã£ããã®ãååŠçã«å€æ§ãªéæŸç©ºéãçã¿åºãããæŽå²çã«èŠãŠãããããªé±ç©ç£å°ãéã¿ãæã€ãã©ãŽãªãªã³ã®éã¯å€ä»£ã¢ããã®åã®æ¯ããšãªãããã®å°åºã¯1860幎代以éã«çŸä»£ã®é±æ¥äžå¿å°ãšããŠåèããããã³ã¬ã¯ã¿ãŒã«ãšã£ãŠããã®æŽå²ã¯éèŠã§ãããåªããã©ãŽãªãªã³æ¹è§£ç³ã¯åãªãçé žã«ã«ã·ãŠã æšæ¬ã§ã¯ãªããããã¯ã廿£ç©å±±ãé±éãæº¶é±çã¹ã©ã°ãåç©é€šãåã®ã€ããé±å±±ãäžä»£ãè¶ ããŠã³ã¬ã¯ã¿ãŒãé±ç©åŠè ã«äžçã§æãæ¿å¯ã§å€æ§ãªé±ç©èšé²ã®ã²ãšã€ãäŸçµŠããŠããå°åºã®æšæ¬ã§ããã## Featured Specimens
Search for specimens: View all aragonite specimens from Lavrion Mining District, Greece
Lavrion lies in southeastern Attica, roughly 50 km southeast of Athens, around the modern town of Lavrio/Lavrion and the mining areas of Kamariza, Plaka, Agios Konstantinos, Sounion, Villia, Thorikos, Soureza, Elafos, and related subdistricts. Older labels may read Laurium, Laurion, Laurium District Mines, Attika, Attica, Kamariza, Kamareza, St. Constantine, Cato Sounio, or Sounion. For collector labels, âLavrion Mining District, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greeceâ is the modern standardized form, but preserving an older mine or shaft name is often more valuable than forcing the specimen into a simplified district label.
The primary ore system is polymetallic and structurally complex. In the Kamariza area, carbonate-replacement Pb-Zn-Ag ± Au mineralization formed mantos, chimneys, replacement veins, and breccias, with galena, sphalerite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sulfosalts, fluorite, and carbonate gangue. At Plaka and related areas, granodiorite, skarn, and vein systems add further complexity. Later oxidation converted sulfide ores into gossan, calamine, smithsonite, goethite, hematite, cerussite, hemimorphite, hydrozincite, copper carbonates, arsenates, sulfates, and a long list of rarer secondary species. Aragonite belongs to this late carbonate and cavity-filling story, commonly occupying open spaces created by dissolution, fracturing, oxidation, and carbonate mobility.
Lavrionâs mining history is exceptionally long. Archaeological and geochemical evidence places mining activity in the district as early as the third to fourth millennium BC, with organized exploitation becoming highly important in the Archaic and Classical periods. The silver-rich lead ores reached their greatest ancient importance in the sixth to fourth centuries BC, when the income from the mines helped finance the Athenian fleet and the economic power of Classical Athens. The ancient workings include more than a thousand shafts and extensive underground galleries, with ore washeries and water-management systems still forming part of the districtâs archaeological landscape.
After a long period of reduced activity, modern mining began in 1864 with Andreas Kordellas and Giovanni Battista Serpieri, leading to the development of Lavrion as an industrial mining town. The Greek Metal Works Company of Lavrio and the Compagnie Française des Mines du Laurium worked the district into the twentieth century, and modern mining ceased in the late 1970s. The modern period is important to mineral collectors because it opened, exposed, and redistributed large amounts of oxidized ore material and made possible many of the classic specimen recoveries that later entered European and international collections.éèŠãªæ¹è§£ç³çç£å°ãŸãã¯æ¹è§£ç³ã嫿ããå°è³ªå°ç¹ã«ã¯ãã«ããªã¶é±å±±ã®ãã©ãªãªã³ãã¯ãªã¹ãã£ã¢ããã»ã«ããšãªãã¯ãããšããå°ç¹ããµãŠããªã³ãå«ããµãŠããªã³é±å±±ç¬¬19å·ïŒflos ferriïŒãªã©ãæããããŸãããŽã£ãªã¢ãå«ãæåãªãã¢ã©ãŽãã€ãã®éããµã³ã¿ãŒå±€ãNo. 111ãšããŠèšé²ãããåéããããŠçŸå°ã§ç·è²ã®ã¢ã©ãŽãã€ããåçæ®åœ±ãããã¢ãªå°åãå«ãŸããŸããåç©é€šãæ§åéåã«ãããŽã£ãªã¢No.132ã®å€§ããªéãã¢ã©ãŽãã€ãããç·è²ã®ã¹ããœãã€ããšçœãã¢ã©ãŽãã€ããçµã¿åãããæ§ã©ãŠãªãŠã ã®æšæ¬ãèŠãããŸãã
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é¢é£ããé±ç©ã¯å質ã®å€§ããªèŠå ã§ãããChristiana ã§ã¯ãã¢ã©ãŽãã€ãã¯ã¢ããã€ããé ãå«ãã¢ããã€ããã³ãã«ãŒã«ãµã€ãããžã³ã³ãªããã€ãããžã£ããµã€ããã²ãªã¿ã€ãããªãªããã€ããšåçããŒã¹ã®é¢é£ããŒã¿ã«èšé²ãããŠãããåºåã®å°åºå šäœã§ã¯ãã¢ã©ãŽãã€ãã¯ã¹ã¡ã«ãã³ãµã€ããã«ã«ãµã€ããã¢ãŠãªã«ã«ãµã€ããç³èãéé é±ãšããŠã®ã¢ãºã©ã€ãããã©ã«ã€ããã³ãã«ãŒã«ãµã€ããé æåã®ã¢ããã€ããããã¢ã«ãã¡ã€ããäºéã¢ã«ããã€ãããªã¢ãã€ãç³»ã®ã¬ããœã³ãšå ±ã«çŸããããšããããæ·¡ãã¢ã©ãŽãã€ããš Lavrion ã®äºæ¬¡é±ç©ã§ããé®®ãããªè²èª¿âéãã¢ãºã©ã€ããç·ã®ã³ãã«ãŒã«ãµã€ããã¿ãŒã³ã€ãºã®ã¢ããã€ãããããã¯ãããªãªã€ãã«ç¶ã®ã¹ã¡ã«ãã³ãµã€ãâãçµã³ã€ããæšæ¬ã¯ãåç¬ã®çé žå¡©è¢«èŠæšæ¬ãããã³ã¬ã¯ã¿ãŒã®é åã匷ãããšãå€ãããããã»ãšã°ã¶ã³ãã«ã¯ãå°æ¹æ§ã®ç²ŸåºŠãè²ãæ§é ãä¿åç¶æ ã§è©äŸ¡ãããŸããåªããã©ããªãªã³ã®ã¢ã©ãŽãã€ãã¯ãéããæªæå·ã®ã¹ãã¬ãŒãéŸä¹³ç³ã掟æãããªãèªç¶ãªéè²ãŸãã¯éç·è²ã®ããŒã³ãåºæãšã®ã¯ãªãŒã³ãªå¯Ÿæ¯ããããŠç¹å®ã®é±å±±ãŸãã¯åºç»ã®ã©ãã«ãæã€ã¹ãã§ããç¹ã«éèŠãªã®ã¯ãæ§ã©ãã«ã§ãã«ããªã¶ããã©ãªãªã³ãã¯ãªã¹ãã£ã¢ããã»ã«ããšãªãã¹ãŒããªã³ãããªã€ããŸãã¯ã·ã£ããçªå·ã瀺ããã®ã§ããé±ç©ã¯å£ãããããããå®å šãªã360床ãã¢ã©ãŽãã€ãããŸãã¯ä¹±ãã®ãªãããã¹ã»ãã§ãª branchïŒããã¹ã»ãã§ãªã®åå²ïŒãæã€ãã®ã¯ããã倧ãããŠãæŠãããå£ãããããå¡ãããã¯ããã«æãŸããã§ãã## Collector Notes
Lavrion aragonite is a collectorâs locality mineral rather than a common species acquisition. Aragonite itself is abundant worldwide, but Lavrion examples with strong color, sculptural habit, and precise provenance are much less routine. The most desirable pieces are blue or seafoam cuprian-looking aragonites, delicate flos ferri, old Laurium smithsonite-aragonite associations, and aragonite in combination with the districtâs more famous copper and zinc secondary minerals.
The chief condition issue is fragility. Thin stalactites, flos ferri branches, fibrous crusts, and millimetric coral-like crystals are easy to bruise, dust, or snap. Damage may hide in the interior of a branching spray, so specimens should be examined from multiple angles under strong light. On matrix pieces, look for flattened tips, missing branch ends, chalky abrasion, and old glue repairs at the base of aragonite clusters. Dust is a serious problem because fibrous aragonite is difficult to clean without breaking; a covered display case is preferable.
Authenticity concerns are mostly about labeling, color, and identity. âLavrionâ is often used loosely in the market, and older labels may say Laurium, Sounion, Kamariza, Attika, or simply Greece. That is not automatically a problem, but a high-value specimen should preserve the most specific locality information available. Be cautious with vague âGreek blue aragoniteâ labels that lack a mine, district, or collection history.
No strong collector literature tradition centers on Lavrion-specific fake aragonites, but modern blue carbonate material in the broader mineral market is sometimes dyed, misidentified, or sold under loose trade names. Natural Lavrion blue tends to be pale to medium, often seafoam or turquoise rather than neon. Artificial dye commonly concentrates in cracks, pits, and broken surfaces, and overly even electric-blue color should be treated skeptically. Also separate aragonite from blue calcite, hemimorphite, chrysocolla-rich crusts, aurichalcite aggregates, and other pale blue Lavrion secondaries. A simple acid reaction confirms carbonate but does not distinguish calcite from aragonite; habit, associations, and, for important pieces, Raman or XRD testing are more reliable.åžå Žã®å ¥æå¯èœæ§ã¯äžå®å®ã§ããå°ããªã¢ã©ãŽãã€ã嫿ã®çµæ¶çŸ€ã宿çã«çŸããŸãããåé«ã Lavrion é±å±±ããã®éãçŸããéªéãããªãã¢ã©ãŽãã€ãã倧åã®é æã¢ã©ãŽãã€ãã¯åžå°ã§ããæè¿ã®ãªãŒã¯ã·ã§ã³èšé²ã¯ãã¬ã©ã¹ã®ããã«éå³ã垯ã³ãé·ã现ãçµæ¶ãæã€å°åãã£ããããçšã® 8.4 cm ã®ã«ããªã¶ç£ã¢ã©ãŽãã€ãã 2022 幎㫠160 ãã«ã§èœæãããäžæ¹ãæµ·é§è²ã®éãåŽé§ãšæ§åéçµæŽãæãã倧åã® 17.3 cm ã®ãã©ãªãªãã¹é æã¢ã©ãŽãã€ãã 2025 幎㫠710 ãã«ã§èœæãããããšã瀺ããŠããŸãã51 mm ã®éã Christiana ã¢ã©ãŽãã€ãã¯ãã£ãŒã©ãŒã®ãªã¹ããéããŠè²©å£²ãããé æã¢ããã€ããã¹ããœãã€ããã¢ã©ãŽãã€ããçµã¿åãããåžå°ãªçµæ¶çŸ€ããªãŒã¯ã·ã§ã³åžå Žã«çŸããŠããŸãããããã®èšé²ã¯å¹ åºãã¬ã³ãžã瀺åããŠãããå°ãããŸãã¯ããŸãåçã§ãªãæšæ¬ã«ã¯æé ãªäŸ¡æ Œãè²åœ©è±ãã§å·ããªã provenance ã確ããªå€§åæšæ¬ã«ã¯ç«¶äºãæ¿ãããšããåŸåã瀺ããŠããŸãã## Stories & Field Notes
Lavrionâs aragonite sits inside a mining story much older than the specimen trade. In the ancient landscape between Thorikos and Cape Sounion, miners followed lead-silver ores through narrow galleries and shafts long before mineral collectors cared about blue carbonate sprays. The districtâs workings were not a small local enterprise: ancient galleries run for many hundreds of kilometres in aggregate, arranged across multiple levels and linked by shafts. The rock was advanced only a few metres per month with hand tools and, at times, fire. Water was scarce, so the miners built systems to collect and manage it for washing ore. The landscape still carries those engineering tracesâshafts, washeries, galleries, and processing remains scattered through the dry Attic hills.
The silver changed history. In the early fifth century BC, the revenues of Lavrion became bound to the naval policy of Themistocles. Instead of distributing the windfall from the mines, Athens invested in ships. That fleet became central to the Greek victory at Salamis in 480 BC. It is one of the rare cases in which a mineral district can be discussed not only as geology, but as a hinge in political and military history. When a collector handles a Lavrion aragonite, the specimen is late, secondary, and chemically modestâbut the ground beneath it is the same ground that helped turn ore into coinage, triremes, and Athenian power.
Modern Lavrion has its own origin story. In 1864, Giovanni Battista Serpieri and Andreas Kordellas brought the old district back into industrial life. Lavrion, then a minor settlement, was transformed within a year into a mining town of more than 10,000 residents. The companies built houses, schools, churches, pharmacies, infirmaries, railways, and industrial works. Between 1882 and 1885, the railway line connecting Athens with Lavrion was constructed. Modern mining produced the dump and underground exposures that later generations of collectors would comb for smithsonite, azurite, adamite, serpierite, ktenasite, and, more quietly, aragonite.
Field visitors still encounter that layered history. A 2022 Wendel Minerals trip report describes arriving after four years away, visiting the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion, meeting the Kapellas family, and going to the Mineralogical Museum of Lavrion. In the museum cases, among mixite from Hilarion, glaucocerinite from Serpieri, azurite pseudomorphs after native copper from Christiana Mine No. 132, and light blue-yellow smithsonite from Serpieri, the visitors noted a large specimen of blue aragonite. The same route continued to the old Kordellas smelting plant, the âKM 3â locality famous for annabergite, the Serpieri shaft headframe, an old mining railway tunnel from Kamariza down toward the harbor, and the entrance of the Hilarion mine. It is a modern collectorâs itinerary, but it reads like a condensed map of the districtâs mineral memory.ãŽã£ãªã¢ã®ã¢ãªãŽãã€ãç¹æã®è©³ãããã£ããŒã«ã®äžã§ãæãææ ãåèµ·ãããã®ã®äžã€ã¯ Villia ããæ¥ããã®ã§ããçªå·èªäœãäžç¢ºå®ãšããŠèšé²ãããŠããã¢ãã£ãã No. 111 ã¯ããã¢ã©ãŽãã€ãã»ãã«ãâéåžžã®æå³ã§ã®æºåž¯æšæ¬ãšããããã¯ã»ã³ãç¶ã®æ²æ®¿äœãšããŠç¥ãããŠããŸããããã¯éèŠã§ãããªããªãåéå®¶ã« Lavrion ã®ã¢ã©ãŽãã€ããåãåºãããæ¯ç³çã ãã§èŠã€ããããã§ã¯ãªãããšãæãåºãããããã§ããæ§é±å±±ã®æ¹¿æœ€ã§çé žå¡©è±å¯ãªãã€ã¯ãç°å¢ã®äžã§ãåŸæã®æµäœãé±å£ã空æŽã«ã¢ã©ãŽãã€ãã建ç¯çãªåœ¢ã§æ²çãããããšããã£ãã®ã§ããåžå°ãªãªã³é žå¡©ãç¡«é žå¡©ãåæããããçš®ã§æåãªå°åºã§ãã£ãŠãããã®åçŽãªçé žã«ã«ã·ãŠã ã¯èšæ¶ã«æ®ã圢ã§çµå±ã¯æ®ãéãèŠã€ããã®ã§ãã## é±ç©åŠçèšé²ãšåºçç©- Mindat â ã®ãªã·ã£ç£ã¢ã©ãŽãã€ãã Lavrion Mining District ãå«ã â ã®ãªã·ã£ãš Lavrion å°åºéå±€ã«ãããæ€èšŒæžã¿ã¢ã©ãŽãã€ãã®æçšãªç£å°çŽ¢åŒã
Mindat â Lavrion Mining District, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece â å°åºã®é±å±±ãå¥åãé±ç©ãªã¹ãããµãããŒã«ã«ãã£ã®äžå¿çãªç£å°åç §ã
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Mindat â Flos Ferri from Sounion Mine No. 19 â Sounion Mine No. 19 ããã®ã¢ã©ãŽãã€ãå€çš® flos ferri ã®ç£å°èšé²ã2022幎ã®é±ç©åå®ã®å ¬è¡šæç®ãå«ãã
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Wikimedia Commons â Aragnonit nhmWien.jpg â Villia No. 132, Laurion ç±æ¥ãšã©ãã©ãªãŠã ã«ã©ãã«ä»ããããéãã¢ã©ãŽãã€ãã®åç©é€šåçã
Wikimedia Commons â Smithsonite-Aragonite-57288.jpg â Rob Lavinsky ã«ãã Laurium ã®æ§ smithsonite ãšçœãã¢ã©ãŽãã€ãã®åçã
Voudouris, P., Melfos, V., Spry, P.G., Bonsall, T.A., Tarkian, M., & Solomos, C. (2008). âKamariza å°åºã Lavrion, Greece ã«ãããçé žå¡©çœ®æ Pb-Zn-Ag ± Au é±åäœçšïŒåœ¢æã®é±ç©åŠãšç±ååŠæ¡ä»¶ãâ Mineralogy and Petrology, 94, 85â106. â Kamariza çé žå¡©çœ®æé±åäœçšãé±äœã¿ã€ããåã³ç±æ°Žæ¡ä»¶ã«é¢ããèŠç¹è«æã
Skarpelis, N., & Argyraki, A. (2009). âAttica, Greece ã® Lavrion Pb-Ag-Zn é±åºã«ãããè¶ é é±ã®å°è³ªãšèµ·æºãâ Resource Geology, 59, 1â14. â Lavrion ã®è¶ çé±éç¡«åé±ç³ããŽããµã³ã®çºéãäºæ¬¡é±ç©æ²çã®éèŠç ç©¶ã
Bonsall, T.A., Spry, P.G., Voudouris, P.C., Tombros, S., Seymour, K.S., & Melfos, V. (2011). âThe Geochemistry of Carbonate-Replacement Pb-Zn-Ag Mineralization in the Lavrion District, Attica, Greece: Fluid Inclusion, Stable Isotope, and Rare Earth Element Studies.â Economic Geology, 106(4), 619â651. â Lavrion íì°ìŒ ë첎 êŽìì ëí ììží ì§ííì ì°êµ¬.
Voudouris, P., et al. (2021). âThe Lavrion Mines: A Unique Site of Geological and Mineralogical Heritage.â Minerals, 11, 76. â Lavrionì í¬êŽì ê³µê°(Open-access) ê°êŽ ëŠ¬ë·°ãå°è³ªåŠãæ¡é±ã®æŽå²ãé±ç©ã®å€æ§æ§ããããŠå°è³ªéºç£ã®äŸ¡å€ã
Rieck, B., Kolitsch, U., Voudouris, P., Giester, G., & Tzeferis, P. (2022). ãã®ãªã·ã£ã»ã©ããªãªã³é±æ¥å°åºããã®æ°ããåå®ã Mineralien-Welt, 33(5), 6â20. â Sounion flos ferri ã®èšé²ãšå°åºã®æè¿ã®åå®ã«ã€ã㊠Mindat ã«ããåŒçšã
Schreiber, Fritz æšæ¬èšé²ã Mindat â Adit No. 111(?), Villia é±å±± â Villia æåå°ç¹ã®èµ€éé±ãšæ¹è§£ç³ã®åç §ãšããŠæ²èŒã## Videos & Media
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âLavrion Trip 2022â â Wendel Minerals â 2022幎ã®ã³ã¬ã¯ã¿ãŒèšªåãèšé²ããé±ç©åç©é€šãšéå€ã§ã®åçãè±å¯ãªå ±åãé±ç©åŠåç©é€šãKM 3ãã»ã«ããšãªé±äºæžããã©ãªãªã³é±å±±å ¥å£ãåç©é€šã®å€§ããªéãæ¹è§£ç³æšæ¬ãå«ãã## ãããªãèªã¿ç©ãšå€éšãªã³ã¯
Mindat â Lavrion Mining District â å°åºã®å°åéå±€ãå¥åãé±å±±ãé±ç©ãªã¹ãã®æé©ãªåºçºç¹ã
Mindat â Aragonite from Greece â Lavrion ãå«ãã®ãªã·ã£ã®ã¢ã«ã²ãã€ãã®çºçäŸã®ç°¡æçŽ¢åŒã
Mindat â Aragonite from Christiana Mine â Christiana Mine ã®ã¢ã«ã²ãã€ããé¢é£é±ç©ãåçããŒã¹ã®åºçŸããŒã¿ã«æçšã
Mindat â Sounion Mine No. 19 flos ferri â å°åºã®éèŠãª Sounion é±å±±ã®ã¢ã«ã²ãã€ãå€çš® flos ferri ã®ç¹å®èšé²ã
Mindat â Adit No. 111(?), Villia mines â Villia ã® âAragonite-Bellâ ã¢ã«ã²ãã€ã-æ¹è§£ç³æ²æ®¿å°ã®åç §ã
The Lavrion Mines: A Unique Site of Geological and Mineralogical Heritage â ã©ãŽãªãªã³ã®å°è³ªãé±ç³é±åºãé±ç©ã®å€æ§æ§ãæ¡é±èå€åŠãå°è³ªéºç£ã®ãªãŒãã³ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ç·èª¬ã
Geology and origin of the supergene ore at the Lavrion Pb-Ag-Zn deposit â é žåãšäºæ¬¡é±ç©åœ¢æã«é¢ããèŠç¹è«æã®èŠæšãšãªããžããªèšé²ã
Carbonate-replacement Pb-Zn-Ag ± Au mineralization in the Kamariza area â 2008幎ã®ã«ããªã¶é±åè«æã®åèæç®ãšèŠæšã
The Geochemistry of Carbonate-Replacement Pb-Zn-Ag Mineralization in the Lavrion District â 2011幎㮠Economic Geology è«æã®æžèªããŒãžã
Wendel Minerals â Lavrion Trip 2022 â ã©ãŽãªãªã³ã®ã©ã³ãããŒã¯ãšé±ç©å±ç€ºãåããæ¡éè åãéå€ã»åç©é€šåçãšãã»ã€ã
Mineral Auctions â Hilarion Mine cuprian aragonite auction record â 2025幎ã®å€§èŠæš¡ãªãã©ãªãªã³ã»ã¢ã«ã²ãã€ãæšæ¬ã®åžå Žåç §ã
Mineral Auctions â Kamariza aragonite auction record â 2022幎ã«è²©å£²ãããéå³ã垯ã³ãçµæ¶åã©ãŽãªãªã³ã»ã¢ã«ã²ãã€ãã®åžå Žåç §ã
Minfind â Christiana Mine blue aragonite â Christiana Mine ç£ã®51 mm éã¢ã«ã²ãã€ãã®ãã£ãŒã©ãŒã¢ãŒã«ã€ãã