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Search for specimens: View all spinel specimens from Mogok Valley, Myanmar
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Photo: GIA, ââStar of Davidâ Spinel Twin Crystal with Multiphase Inclusions from Mogokâ## Collector Notes
Mogok spinel is widely imitated in three ways: by synthetic spinel sold as natural, by non-Mogok spinel sold as Mogok, and by vague âBurmeseâ attributions used where the actual mine or region is unknown. Synthetic spinel is a long-established material, and flux-grown red spinel has appeared in the gem market. For loose faceted stones, the collector should not rely on color alone; laboratory reports from major gem labs are appropriate for expensive stones, especially when âMogok,â âMan Sin,â âJedi,â or âno treatmentâ materially affects price.
Treatment is less routine in spinel than in ruby or sapphire, but it is not safe to assume every spinel is untreated. Heat-treated spinel has been documented, and laboratory separation depends on microscopic, spectroscopic, and photoluminescence features rather than casual visual inspection. A fine Mogok crystal specimen should also be checked for oil in fractures or surface-reaching cracks. GIA documented oil in fractures of a Mogok âStar of Davidâ spinel and noted that keeping crystals in oil before sale is a common local practice; this is not the same as structural repair, but it affects disclosure and examination.
Condition is critical. Spinel is hard, but Mogok specimens can be delicate because many crystals are thin, fractured, or embedded in softer marble. The flattened âStar of Davidâ twins are especially brittle; one documented GIA reference specimen broke during cleaning. Matrix pieces often have cleaved or etched marble, repaired marble corners, or partly exposed crystals with bruised points. Loose octahedra may show rounded edges from alluvial transport, chips at the octahedral tips, or contact marks that are hard to see under strong color.
Rarity is uneven. Small loose pink to purple Mogok spinels appear regularly, and modest matrix pieces with tiny crystals are available from time to time. Fine red crystals in marble, clean sharp octahedra, undamaged twinned crystals, and credible Man Sin âJediâ rough are much scarcer. Large gemmy crystals with good faces are rare because Mogok has long been a cutting locality: the best transparent crystals were often faceted rather than preserved as mineral specimens.
Current availability is complicated by conflict, sanctions, and ethics. Older collection pieces, pre-conflict dealer stock, and material already outside Myanmar form an important part of the legitimate collector market. New production may still filter through regional trade, but buyers should request clear provenance, import history where relevant, and assurance that the transaction does not involve sanctioned entities or conflict financing. In the United States, the sanctions environment around Myanmarâs gem sector makes due diligence particularly important for any recent-origin material.## Stories & Field Notes
Vincent Pardieuâs âJediâ story begins not in a mine but in Yangon in the spring of 2001. He was studying gemology while living with the family of U Kyaw Thaung, a Mogok merchant, when Bangkok dealer Hemi Englisher arrived for business. Afterward, Englisher asked him to come see something special. In his hand were small, bright neon pinkish-red spinelsâso vivid that Pardieu later wrote they convinced him spinel could equal ruby in beauty. When he asked whether they were from Mogok, the answer was no: they were from Namya, in Kachin State, where a ruby and spinel rush had begun in December 2000. That surprise set the hook for more than a decade of comparison between Namya and Mogok, and for the eventual rediscovery of Mogok material with the same electric look.
The name âJediâ came to describe stones with no dark side: bright pinkish-red to red spinels with strong fluorescence and low iron. For years, Pardieu found the Namya material unmatched. Then in 2011, Lou-Pierre Bryl brought word of a new Mogok source producing stones as bright as Namya. Mogok was still not open to foreign visitors, so the rumor had to sit unresolved. In June 2013, access reopened, and Bryl went to inquire. By August 2013, after three expeditions, he confirmed a new source at Man Sin, about a kilometer from Pyant Gyi and Pein Pyit.
When Pardieu finally saw the Man Sin stones in Mogok, the locality announced itself in crystal form. Unlike rounded Namya stones from secondary gravels, the Mogok pieces were euhedral crystals with transparent faces. He described holding three stunning crystals with deep, pure, saturated color and no dark tone. They looked so perfect that he compared them, with deliberate irony, to synthetic spinel crystals. Then he reached backward through gem history to Jean-Baptiste Tavernierâs phrase âfine water,â using it for the exceptional transparency and crystallization of the Man Sin spinels.
The Man Sin visit itself produced one of the best collecting lessons in Mogok gemology. At the mine, Pardieu and his team saw miners recover a few bright âJediâ-type spinels along with small rubies, green tourmaline, and spinels with dark purple cores and shallow blue surfaces. Because not all shareholders were present, the team could not immediately buy the dayâs fine production. They were told to visit U Kyaw Thu and his family the next day. They did, drank tea, studied recent stones, and obtained samples for the GIA reference collection. Pardieu also acquired small bright red spinels from a kanase woman working rejects beneath the jig.æãå°è±¡æ·±ãäžç¯ã¯ã2001幎ãã2004幎ã®éã« Pardieu ãæå©ããããã«ãã®é±å±±æ¡æå®¶ Saw Naung Oo å士ã«ãããã®ã§ãã圌ã¯ãé±å€«ã¯ç§å¯ãå®ãäžæ¹ãå人ã¯ç©èªãèªãããšããèŠåã圌ã«äžããŸãããããã¯çŸå Žå®ç³åŠã«ã€ããŠæžãããæé«ã®æã®äžã€ã§ããçç£ãããããæ ªäž»æš©ãé±å±±åãåžå Žã®åºç»ãæ§åšåº«ãéãªã Mogok ã§ã¯ããã®èšèã¯å®çšçãªå©èšãšãªããŸãïŒè³ãããç®ãå€ãã®æ å ±ãåãããªããã°ãªããªãã®ã§ãã
Pein Pyitããããã®æãã¹ããã«ã«ã¯ç¬èªã®ç¥è©±ããããŸãããããã¯é±ç©åŠçãªãã®ã§ãã2015幎12æã Pardieu 㯠Mogok ã®å®ç³åžå Žã§ç®ãèŠåŒµãã»ã©ã®çµæ¶ãå ¥æããŸãããæ± Mogok ã® Pein Pyit è¿ãã§2000幎代åé ã«æ¡æããããšäŒããããŠããŸãããã®èŒªéã¯ãäžå€®ã®12è§åœ¢ã®å€é¢äœã®äž¡åŽã«2ã€ã®äžè§åœ¢ã瀺ããŠããŸããã2002幎ãã2004幎㮠Mogok åžå Žã§ã¯ãã®ãããªäºéæ¶ã®çµæ¶ãäœçŸãç®æããããšãããŠããŸãããã»ãšãã©ã¯å°ããã£ããå£ããŠãããããŸãããGIA ã®æšæ¬ã¯åç §ã³ã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã«è¿œå ãããç ç©¶ããããã®åŸã¯æ³šæåèµ·ã®è©±ã«ãªããŸããïŒæž æäžã«æ¬ ããŠããŸã£ãã®ã§ããèãã¹ããã«ã®åæ¶ã¯ãã³ã©ã³ãã èµ€è²ã®å ãæŸã€ invincible ãªå°ããªçŸã®ããã«èŠããŸãããæ§é çã«ã¯å²ããããé±ç©æšæ¬ã§ãããå®ç³ç³ã«ã¯ãªããŸããã
ã¢ãŽã¯ã«ã¯ãã³ã¬ã¯ã¿ãŒåèªã®å¿ã«æ®ãéããªçŸå Žã®å æ¯ããããŸããçœã倧çç³ãšéã空ã«å¯ŸããŠå察æ¹åã«åã Baw Lone Gyi ã®ã«ãã»å¥³æ§ãã¡ãæã«ã¯è¿ãã«å°ããªåäŸãé£ãã倧çç³ãç ããå°Ÿé±ãéžå¥ããŠããŸãã圌ãã¯è£ãã倧çç³ã®ãŸãŸãçŽ çãšã¹ããã«ãæäŸããèµ€ãçµæ¶ãçœãæ¯å²©ã«ããããŠè²ã瀺ããŸãããçŸå Žã®å®ç³åŠè ã¯ã圌ããäœæ¥ãç¶ããªããå£ã®äžã«å°ããªçµæ¶ãå ¥ããŠä¿ç®¡ããŠããæ§åã芳å¯ããŸããããã®å Žé¢ã¯ã磚ããããªãŒã¯ã·ã§ã³ã®ç³ãããã¢ãŽã¯ãããæ£çŽã«æããŠããŸããè²ãåŽåã倧çç³ããªã¹ã¯ã tradeãå³èæ§ãäžã€ã®ãžã§ã¹ãã£ãŒã«åçž®ãããŠããŸãã## é±ç©åŠçèšé²ãšå ¬è¡šç©- Myint Myat Phyo, Eva Bieler, Leander Franz, Walter Balmer and Michael S. Krzemnicki, âSpinel from Mogok, MyanmarâA Detailed Inclusion Study by Raman Microspectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy,â Journal of Gemmology 36(5), 2019, pp. 418â435 â åç£å€§çç³ãšäºæ¬¡ deposits ããã®100åã®å®ç³å質ã¢ãŽã¯ã¹ããã«ã«é¢ããçŸä»£çéèŠã€ã³ã¯ã«ãŒãžã§ã³ç ç©¶ã
SSEF PDF of Phyo et al., âSpinel from Mogok, MyanmarâA Detailed Inclusion Study,â Journal of Gemmology 36(5), 2019 â å°å æ§ãããã詊æè¡šãæ¡ææ¹æ³ã®èª¬æãã€ã³ã¯ã«ãŒãžã§ã³ã®åçé¡åŸ®åãåèæç®ãå«ããªãŒãã³PDFã
Yi Zhao, Bo Xu, Zheyi Zhao, Qian Xu and Zhaoyi Li, âGemological and Chemical Characterization of Varicolored Gem-Grade Spinel from Mogok, Myanmar,â Crystals 13(3), 447, 2023 â èµ€ããã³ã¯ããªã¬ã³ãžã玫ã®ã¢ãŽã¯ã¹ããã«ã®å®ç³åŠçã»ã¹ãã¯ãã«çã»ååŠçç¹æ§ã®ç ç©¶ã
Yu Tang et al., âInclusions, Chemical Composition, and Spectral Characteristics of Pinkish-Purple to Purple Spinels from Mogok, Myanmar,â Crystals 15(7), 659, 2025 â ã¢ãŽã¯ã®çŽ«è²åã¹ããã«ã«é¢ããæè¿ã®çŠç¹ç ç©¶ãçé žå¡©ãšé»éã®ã€ã³ã¯ã«ãŒãžã§ã³èгå¯ãå«ãã
Myint Myat Phyo et al., âPetrology, geothermobarometry and geochemistry of granulite facies wall rocks and hosting gneiss of gemstone deposits from the Mogok area (Myanmar),â Journal of Asian Earth Sciences: X 9, 100132, 2023 â Mogokå°åã®å®ç³é±åºãåãå·»ã岩ç³ã®ç²ç¶å€æåž¯çžæ¡ä»¶ãšé±ç©å°çååŠãçµã³ã€ããéèŠãªå°è³ªè«æã
Vincent Pardieu, âHunting for âJediâ Spinels in Mogok,â Gems & Gemology 50(1), 2014, pp. 46â57 â ãJediãã¹ããã«äŒèª¬ãåºããçŸå°å ±åã§ãGIAã®æšæ¬æ¡åãèšé²ã
Vincent Pardieu, Supharart Sangsawong, Wim Vertriest and Victoria Raynaud, ââStar of Davidâ Spinel Twin Crystal with Multiphase Inclusions from Mogok,â Gems & Gemology 52(1), 2016 â çšãªã¢ãŽã¯ç£ã¹ããã«ã®ãã¯ãçµæ¶ãGIAæšæºã³ã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã«è¿œå ããã詳现ããŒãã
Wim Vertriest and Victoria Raynaud, âComplex Yellow Fluid Inclusions in Red Burmese Spinel,â Gems & Gemology 53(4), 2017 â ãã£ã³ããŒèµ€ã¹ããã«ã«ãããç¡«é»è±å¯ãªé»è€çžã€ã³ã¯ã«ãŒãžã§ã³ã®ç°¡æœãªèšé²ãç¹ã«Man Sinææã«é¢é£ã
Adolf Peretti et al., âSpinel formation by sulphur-rich saline brines from Mansin (Mogok area, Myanmar),â GRS GemResearch Swisslab, 2018 â Man Sinã¹ããã«åœ¢æãç¡«é»å¯å«å¡©æ°Ž brinesããããŠå€ãã®ã¢ãŽã¯ç£ã¹ããã«é±å±±ã®ååžå³ã«é¢ããèŠæšãšéå€ geology ããŒã.
Yoshimi Takeshita, âCrystal morphology of spinel from Mogok, MyanmarâEspecially the âStar of Davidâ,â Journal of the Gemmological Society of Japan 39(1â4), 2025, pp. 11â16 â çšå°ãªããããã®æãçµæ¶åœ¢ç¶ã«å¯Ÿãã Mogok ã¹ããã«åãã€ã³ãææ¡ãã圢æ åŠç解説.
Mindat occurrence record: Spinel from Mogok Valley, Mogok Township, Pyin-Oo-Lwin District, Mandalay Region, Myanmar â çŸå°éå±€ãåçããŒã¿ã«åºã¥ãé¢é£é±ç©ãããã³åèæç®ãå«ãå®çšçãªé±ç©ç£å°æ å ±ããŒãž.## Videos & Media
âGIA Field Gemologists seek Ruby, Sapphire, and Spinel in Mogok, Myanmarâ â GIA Staff. Field video following GIA gemologists into Mogokâs ruby, sapphire, and spinel mining environment, including deep underground hard-rock operations. URL: https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research/ruby-sapphire-spinel-mogok-myanmar-field-expedition
âMogok Series, Part 2: The Expedition, the Mines, and the Peopleâ â Andrew Lucas and Vincent Pardieu, GIA. Photo-rich field report on Mogok mining methods, markets, kanase workers, and specimen recovery context. URL: https://www.gia.edu/UK-EN/gia-news-research-expedition-to-the-valley-of-rubies-part-2
âHunting for âJediâ Spinels in Mogokâ â Vincent Pardieu, Gems & Gemology. Field-report media page with photographs of Man Sin spinels, Mogok markets, miners, and GIA reference material. URL: https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2014-pardieu-jedi-spinels-in-mogok## ãããªãæèªãšå€éšãªã³ã¯
Mindat: Mogok Valleyç£ã¹ããã« â é±ç©çºçç®æã locality éå±€ãããã³é¢é£é±ç©ããŒã¿ã®æè¯ quick referenceã
Mindat: Mogok Valleyã®ããŒã«ãªãã£ããŒãž â Mogok Valleyããã³ãã®åç§°ä»ããµãããŒã«ãªãã£ã®ããåºã locality ãã¬ãŒã ã¯ãŒã¯ã
GIA: âHunting for âJediâ Spinels in Mogokâ â Man Sin âJediâã¹ããã«ãšçŸä»£ã®ã³ã¬ã¯ã¿ãŒäŒæ¿ã®å¿ é çŸå Žå ±åã
GIA: ââStar of Davidâ Spinel Twin Crystal with Multiphase Inclusions from Mogokâ â Mogokã®åžå°ã¹ããã«ãã¯ã«ã®æŠèŠãšãããã®èãã«ã€ããŠã®æè¯ã®çãåç §ã
GIA: âComplex Yellow Fluid Inclusions in Red Burmese Spinelâ â Burmeseèµ€è²ã¹ããã«èµ·æºäœæ¥ã«åœ¹ç«ã€å«æç©åç §ã
SSEF PDF: Phyo et al. 2019 Mogok spinel inclusion study â 嫿é±ç©ãšé±å±±å¥ãµã³ãã«ããŒã¿ã®è©³ããæè¡åç §ã
Crystals: âGemological and Chemical Characterization of Varicolored Gem-Grade Spinel from Mogok, Myanmarâ â è²ã®åå ãçè·¡å çŽ ããããŠå€§çç³ç±æ¥èµ·æºã®ãªãŒãã³ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ç ç©¶ã
GRS GemResearch: âSpinel formation by sulphur-rich saline brines from Mansinâ â Man Sinå°è³ªãšç¡«é»è±å¯ãªå¡©æ°Žã«ã€ããŠã®çããŠã䟡å€ããããŒãã
GIA: âDistinguishing Heated from Unheated Spinelâ â é«äŸ¡å€ã¹ããã«ãè©äŸ¡ããã³ã¬ã¯ã¿ãŒåãåŠçåç §ã
U.S. Treasury: âTreasury Sanctions Key Gems Enterprise in Burmaâ â æè¿ã®ãã£ã³ããŒç£å®ç³ææãæ€èšããç±³åœãã€ã€ãŒã®ãã¥ãŒããªãžã§ã³ã¹èæ¯ã
Associated Press: 2026 report on Mogok ruby discovery and conflict context â Mogokã®æ¡æå°åãçŽäºç¶æ³ãããŒã±ããã®æ³šæåèµ·ã«é¢ããææ°ãã¥ãŒã¹æèã