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locality ã®æŽå²çãªæ·±ãã¯æšæ¬ã«éåžžãšã¯ç°ãªãæåçå ±é³ŽãäžããŸããDaye ã®å€ä»£ TonglÃŒshan é é±å±±ãšå¶éè·¡ã¯ã西åšããæŒ¢ä»£ã«åã¶é±å±±åéãæšè£œæ¯æç©ãçãã¹ã©ã°ãå·¥å ·ãä¿åããŠããŸããçŸä»£ã®åéå®¶ã¯ãããã£ãŠãçç£çãªäžåœã®é±å±±ããã®ç¡«åé é±ç³ãåã«è²·ãã®ã§ã¯ãªããäžåœééæä»£ã®éå±å²ã®æ·±ãæŽå²ãšçµã³ã€ãã颚æ¯ããã®æšæ¬ãæã«ããŠããã®ã§ãã
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Search for specimens: View all chalcopyrite specimens from Tonglushan Mine, China
Tonglushan Mine is in the Edong mining district, Daye County-level city, Huangshi, Hubei Province, China, close to Daye and within the MiddleâLower Yangtze River metallogenic belt. Mindat records the mine as an active open-cast mine, with the Tonglushan Cu-Au-Fe deposit also known under the spellings TonglÃŒshan and Tonglvshan.
The deposit is a skarn-type Cu-Fe-Au system developed around a quartz monzodiorite to quartz-diorite intrusive center and its contacts with carbonate rocks. The principal carbonate host is the Lower Triassic Daye Formation, described in geological work as thin- to thick-bedded limestones and dolomitic limestones with evaporitic components. The main ore bodies occur near intrusive-carbonate contacts, where hydrothermal fluids produced magnesian and calcic-magnesian skarns. Tonglushan is not just a âchalcopyrite mineâ in the specimen sense; chalcopyrite is one of the ore minerals in a much broader skarn assemblage dominated locally by magnetite and accompanied by pyrite, pyrrhotite, bornite, hematite, molybdenite, calcite, quartz, garnet, diopside, epidote, phlogopite, amphibole, chlorite, and other alteration minerals.






Published descriptions commonly describe the Tonglushan system as a set of multiple ore bodies. One modern summary gives 13 skarn orebodies mainly along the contact between the Tonglushan quartz-diorite pluton and the Daye Formation carbonates. Mindatâs locality description notes ore bodies over an area of roughly 2,000 by 600 meters, generally lenticular, with individual bodies on the order of hundreds of meters long and tens to more than a hundred meters thick. This scale matters for collectors because the finest chalcopyrite specimens were incidental to a large operating copper-iron-gold mine, not the result of a small specimen-only dig.
The ancient mining story is equally important. The Tonglushan ancient copper mining and smelting site was discovered during modern opencast mining and was excavated archaeologically from the 1970s into the 1980s. Sources describe hundreds of ancient shafts and drifts, wooden support structures, smelting furnaces, slag heaps, and more than 1,000 unearthed tools and utensils. The ancient workings span from Western Zhou through Han times, and the site has been described as among Chinaâs earliest, largest, and best-preserved ancient copper mining and smelting remains. The modern mine entrance and the archaeological-museum landscape are part of the same copper-bearing district, which is why Tonglushan specimens carry a locality story far beyond their mineral aesthetics.æ¡éã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã¯ãé±å±±ããã³é¢é£ããå šåœå±ããæç€ºçãªèš±å¯ãåŸãŠããªãéããééãšã¿ãªãããã¹ãã§ããéå ¬å±±ã¯çŸåœ¹ã®ç£æ¥é±å±±ã§ãããèå€åŠçåºåã¯æå財ãšããŠä¿è·ãããŠããŸããçŸä»£ã®æšæ¬ã¯é±å€«ã仲仿¥è ãæšæ¬ããããéããŠåžå Žã«æµéããŠããã casual ãªé倿¡éå°ãšã¯èšããŸãããããè¯ãéäºééé±ïŒé é»éé±ïŒçäœææã¯ã2018幎æ«ãã2019幎ååé ã®çæéã®çºèŠããæ¥ããã®ããããããã€ãã®æ å ±æºã¯2019幎1æã®åžå ŽäŸçµŠéå§ããå幎æ¥ã®ææã«ããè¯ãããããå ¥æã§ãããšè¿°ã¹ãŠããŸããåŸå¹Žã®åºåã¯éåžžã転売åã以åã®ãã£ãŒã©ãŒåšåº«ãã忣ãããæšæ¬ã§ãããç¶ç¶çãªæšæ¬äŸçµŠã®èšŒæ ãšããããã¯ãããåšåº«ã®åæµéã§ããããšãå€ãã§ãã
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Tonglushan ç£ã®æãç¹åŸŽçãªé»é é±ã®åœ¢ã¯ãäžžã¿ã垯ã³ãããªã¹ã¿ãŒé ã®åœ¢ç¶ã§ãããããã®æšæ¬ã¯æ®éã®çç¶ã®å€ç®ã§ã¯ãªããæé«æ®µéã®ãã®ã¯åå¥ã§å¯éããéå±çãŸãã¯çã®å¡ã§ãããã€ãã¯ãããŠã®æ¿ã®ããã«çµåããŠããããæ°æ³¡ãèåãããããªãã®ã§ããåã ã®çã¯é¡èãªãããã¥ã¢ã»ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒã§çŽ1ã2ã»ã³ãçšåºŠã«ãªãããšããããŸããã倧ããªæšæ¬ã¯èªç¶ã«çãçµåã㊠cabinet ãµã€ãºã«éããããšããããŸããããã€ãã®ãã£ãŒã©ãŒã MinID ã®èšé²ã«ã¯ 5ã»ã³ãã¡ãŒãã«çŽã®å¡ãèšé²ããã indexed market listings ã«ã¯ 7ã10ã»ã³ãã¡ãŒãã«çšåºŠã®ããªã¹ã¿ãŒé ã®äŸãå ±åãããŠããŸãã
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çäœææã®å éšç ç©¶ã¯ããã®åœ¢ç¶ãããã«è峿·±ããã®ã«ããŠããŸããã¹ããœãã¢ã³ã® NMNH C7858 æšæ¬ã® Raman åå æ³ã«ããé»é é±ã®ç¢ºèªãš EDS ã«ããé -éç¡«åç©ã®æ€åºãããã«ã¯å€å質ãªé»é é±ã®çžãšå éšã« 10â100 ãã¯ãã³ã®é -éç¡«åç©ã®çç¶ç²åããã现ããªåºè³ªã«å«ãŸããŠããããšãå ±åãããŠããŸããåç ç©¶ã¯ééæ§ã®ç¡«é žã«ã«ã·ãŠã ãšç¡«åã«ã«ã·ãŠã ãããã«åŸ®éã®ç³è±ãçœé²æ¯ãé·ç³ãããªãŠã ãå ±åããŸããããããã®èгå¯ã¯ãæ®éã®é»éé±çµæ¶ã«ã¯èŠãããªããã®ã§ãããTonglushan ã®çäœãé±ç©åŠè ã ãã§ãªãåéå®¶ã«ãåŒãç¶ãé¢å¿ãéãã倧ããªçç±ãšãªã£ãŠããŸãã
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Tonglushan ç£ã®æ¹è§£ç³äžã®é»é é±ã¯ãããäŒçµ±çã§ãããªãããé åçãªã¹ã¿ã€ã«ã§ããããã€ãã®æšæ¬ã¯ãå§çž®ããããŸãã¯éå±€ç¶çµæ¶ã®è§ãè§ã®çžã«ãBrassy-gold ã®åŸ®å°é»é é±ç²æ«ããŸãšããã®ããããŸããå¥ã®æšæ¬ã¯ãåæã®æ¹è§£ç³äžä»£ã®åŸ®çµæ¶é»é é±ã®å±€ã瀺ããåŸã®åéæãªæ¹è§£ç³ã®ãçªãã®äžã«èŠããããšããããŸãããããã¯å±ç€ºæšæ¬ãšããŠã®äŸ¡å€ãé«ããé±åºæšæ¬ãšããŠã®äŸ¡å€ã¯äºçªæã§ãããã®é åã¯ãããããã察æ¯ãããã³é»é é±ãæ¹è§£ç³ã®æ§é ãã©ãéç«ããããã«äŸåããŸããTonglushanã®é»é é±ã®å質ã¯ãèªç¶æãä¿åç¶æ ãç£å°ã®ä¿¡é Œæ§ã«ãã£ãŠå€æãããŸããçç¶çŸ€éã®å Žåãã³ã¬ã¯ã¿ãŒã¯çµåããçãå®å šã§ãæ¥è§Šãã¡ãŒãžãæå°ã匷ããã€ä¿¡ããããè¹åœ©ã衚é¢ã®ãã©ãããå®å®ããç¡«åç©ç¶æ ãã§ããã°æ¯å²©ãåæã®èšé²ããããã®ã奜ã¿ãŸããé»é é±-æ¹è§£ç³ã®æšæ¬ã§ã¯ãéãæ¹è§£ç³ãæããéå±å æ²¢ã®é»é é±ãæž æµãªå¯Ÿæ¯ããããŠé»é é±ãåãªãåã£ãœãã§ã¯ãªãèŠèŠçã«æå³çã«é 眮ãããŠããçµæãæ¢ããŸãã## Collector Notes
Tonglushan chalcopyrite spheres are one of the few modern mineral finds where authenticity concerns are part of the specimenâs collecting history. When the 2019 balls first appeared, many collectors suspected fabrication, coating, carving, or artificial iridescence because the habit looked almost too strange. Dealer-side testing reported chalcopyrite by EDS and cross-sectioned material that was not carved. Smithsonian work later confirmed chalcopyrite and anhydrite in analyzed sections, while also finding the unexpected presence of calcium sulfate and calcium sulfide within the spheres. Mindat now explicitly notes that doubt has been raised about the authenticity of the chalcopyrite balls, while also recording chalcopyrite var. blistered copper from Tonglushan as an occurrence.
The practical collectorâs position should be neither gullible nor dismissive. Buy these as documented Tonglushan chalcopyrite spheres only when the chain of custody is credible: an early 2019 or shortly thereafter label, a known dealer source, matrix evidence, clear photographs of the surface, and no signs of drilling, polishing, casting, glue seams, dye pools, or uniform manufactured bead geometry. Loose single balls are the hardest to evaluate; matrix pieces and naturally joined clusters are more persuasive. Specimens with a suspiciously even rainbow skin should be examined carefully because chalcopyrite from many localities is sometimes acid-treated or chemically altered to enhance âpeacockâ colors.
Condition issues are typical for dense sulfide specimens but with some Tonglushan-specific concerns. The sphere surfaces can be abraded on high points, especially if loose balls were scooped from pocket bottoms and later handled in bulk. Cluster contact points may be natural, but broken joins or reattached balls should be checked under magnification. The surface sparkle is easy to dull with oil, skin contact, or aggressive cleaning. Avoid ultrasonic cleaning, acids, metal brushes, and prolonged soaking. A gentle dry brush or minimal distilled-water rinse followed by thorough drying is safer.
Stability is usually better than unstable marcasite, but any sulfide containing pyrite, pyrrhotite, or fine-grained intergrowths deserves sensible storage. Keep Tonglushan chalcopyrite dry, away from strong humidity swings, and not sealed in damp foam. If a piece has pyrite or pyrrhotite present, watch for sulfur odor, white or yellow efflorescence, cracking, or powdering. For the sphere material, the Smithsonian observation that an exposed polished section grew calcium sulfate crystals after months in air is a reminder that freshly cut or damaged surfaces may behave differently from intact specimen surfaces.åžå°æ§ã¯ãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ããããTonglushanã§ã®ç éé±ïŒãã£ã«ã³ãã€ã©ã€ãïŒãé±ç³ãšããŠèŠããšè±å¯ã ããè¯è³ªãªãã£ã«ã³ãã€ã©ã€ãæšæ¬ã¯ããå€ããªãã2019幎㮠blister-é ææã¯éå®çãªçºèŠã ã£ãããã§ããã¹ããªã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒããããªãã¯ã¹ã®äŸã¯ããã©å£²ãã®æšæ¬ãããã¯ããã«åžå°ã§ãããçŸåšã®åžå Žå ¥ææ§ã¯ãäž»ã«æ§æ¥ã®ãã£ãŒã©ãŒã¹ããã¯ããªã»ãŒã«æšæ¬ãé±ç©ããŒã±ãããã¬ã€ã¹å šäœã«æ£ãã°ãå°èŠæš¡ãªã¹ãã«äŸåããŠãããäŸ¡æ Œã¯å€§ããåãããïŒå°ããªã«ãŒã¹ãã·ã³ãã«ãªçç¶ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒã¯æ§ãããäžçšåºŠã®äŸ¡æ Œã§çŸããããšããããå€èгãè¯ããæç®æ§ã®é«ãã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒã倧åãã£ããããæšæ¬ããããªãã¯ã¹æšæ¬ã¯ã¯ããã«åŒ·ãã³ã¬ã¯ã¿ãŒãºãã¬ãã¢ã ãçã¿åºãã## Stories & Field Notes
The Tonglushan sphere find entered the mineral market with the kind of disbelief normally reserved for obvious fakes. In January 2019, according to dealer accounts adapted in The Mineral Newsletter, the strange balls began coming out of the mine. They were not sharp crystals, not ordinary botryoidal crusts, and not familiar Chinese calcite combinations. They were heavy metallic spheresâsome loose, some joined, some iridescentâcoming from a mine whose name literally evokes green copper.
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ãã®å æ¯ã¯å°äžã®æ©æ¢°çãªå Žé¢ãžãšæšæ¬æ¡éã倿ãããããå°è±¡ã«æ®ããå²ãç®ã空æŽãæºããé»é é±ãã空éãèš±ãéãäžžã¿ã垯ã³ã圢ç¶ãžæ³¡ç«ã¡ãåŸã«æµäœãåšå²ã®æ³¥å²©ã匱ãããããã€ãã®çã¯é éšãå£ã«ä»çãããŸãŸã§æ®ããä»ã®ãã®ã¯å€ãèœã¡ããã±ããã®åºã«èç©ãããæ¡æè ã¯ãããããããåºãããæè¯ã®çåãããªãã¯ã¹æšæ¬ã¯ãåã«èŠãç®ãçŸããã ãã§ã¯ãªããåéå®¶ããã±ãããåæ§æããææãããšãªã蚌æ ã§ãããã Smithsonian chapter added a second layer of mystery. The National Museum of Natural History acquired specimen NMNH C7858 at the 2019 Tucson Gem and Mineral Show and began analytical work. EDS confirmed copper iron sulfide; Raman later confirmed chalcopyrite and anhydrite in sections. But the study also found calcium sulfate and, more surprisingly, calcium sulfide in the interstices. Calcium sulfide is not a casual accessory phase in ordinary chalcopyrite specimens; the Smithsonian noted that such material is better known from unusual environments, including meteorites and rare natural localities with exotic conditions. That unexpected internal chemistry is why Tonglushanâs chalcopyrite balls remain more than a pretty market noveltyâthey are a mineralogical puzzle still worth careful documentation.## é±ç©åŠçèšé²ãšåºçç©- Mindat locality page: Tonglushan Mine, Edong Mining District, Daye Co., Huangshi, Hubei, China â 座æšãç¶æ ãé±ç©ãªã¹ããå°è³ªãå¥è¡šèšãæç®åç §ã®ã³ã¢ããŒã«ãªãã£åç §ã
Mindat occurrence page: Blistered Copper from Tonglushan Mine â Tonglushanã§ã®éäºéé é±ïŒé»é é±å€çš®ïŒå²ãé ïŒã«é¢ããç¹å®ã®ç£åºæ å ±ã
Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, âCurious Chalcopyriteâ â NMNH C7858ã®åæããŒããEDSãSEMãã©ãã³ãéäºéé é±ã®ç¢ºèªãå€åæ§ãªã ã10â100ãã¯ãã³ã®çç¶äœãç¡«é žã«ã«ã·ãŠã ãç¡«åã«ã«ã·ãŠã ã«é¢ããæ å ±ã
Zhao, H.; Xie, G.; Wei, K.; Ke, Y. âMineral compositions and fluid evolution of the Tonglushan skarn CuâFe deposit, SE Hubei, east-central China.â International Geology Review 54(7), 737â764. DOI:10.1080/00206814.2011.569418 â 13åã®ã¹ã«ã«ã³é±èãé±ç³ã»äŒŽé±ç©ãé¢šåæ®µéãæµäœå«æç©ãããã³ã¹ã«ã«ã³é±ç©ååŠã説æããéèŠãªé±åºèŠæš¡ã®è«æã
Chen, Y.-J.; Chen, H.-Y.; Zaw, K.; Pirajno, F.; Zhang, Z.-J. âGeodynamic settings and tectonic model of skarn gold deposits in China: An overview.â Ore Geology Reviews 31, 139â169. DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2005.01.001 â Tonglushanã®é±ç©åŠçããŒã«ãªãã£èšé²ã§åŒçšãããäžåœã®ã¹ã«ã«ã³éé±åºã®å°åçæèã
Pan, Y.; Dong, P. âThe Lower Changjiang (Yangzi/Yangtze River) metallogenic belt, east central China: intrusion- and wall rock-hosted CuâFeâAu, Mo, Zn, Pb, Ag deposits.â Ore Geology Reviews 15(4). DOI:10.1016/S0169-1368(99)00022-0 â Tonglushanãå«ãåºåå°è³ªå°åã瀺ãå°åçæå 垯ã®åç §ã
Zhang, F.; Williamson, B. J.; Rollinson, G. K.; Hughes, H. S. R. âA mineralogical investigation into the formation of ore-barren endoskarn: An example from the Tonglushan porphyry system, eastern China.â Ore Geology Reviews 157. DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2023.105441 â æ±äžåœã® Tonglushanæå²©-ã¹ã«ã«ã³ç³»çµ±ã«ãããé±ç³æ¬ ä¹åãšã³ãã¹ã«ã«ã³åœ¢æã®æè¿ã®ç ç©¶ã
Wu, X.; Xie, G.; Xu, J.; Voudouris, P.; Liu, W. âDistribution of Co, Te, Se in porphyry copper systems: A case study of the Tonglvshan deposit, Eastern China.â Ore Geology Reviews 174, 106304. DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106304 â Tonglvshan/Tonglushanç³»ã®ç¡«åç©é±åã«é¢é£ãã埮éå çŽ ç ç©¶ã
Zhu, Q.; Xie, G.; Lu, L.; Yan, F.; Cai, H. âTrace element of epidote from the Tonglushan Cu-Fe-Au deposit, eastern China: Implications for exploration indicator fãŸããã¹ã«ã«ã³æ vinha ãŸã§ã®é±åã«ã€ããŠãâ Ore Geology Reviews 174, 106298. DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106298 â Tonglushanã¹ã«ã«ã³æ¢é±ã«çŽçµããææ°ã®ãšããããå°çååŠè«æã
Zhang, S.; Gao, J.-F.; Zhang, H.; Huang, X.-W.; Li, J.; Li, R.; Xu, H. âRevealing the distribution and efficient enrichment of cobalt in a CuâAu skarn mineralization system.â Ore Geology Reviews 181, 106643. DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106643 â Tonglushan Cu-Auã¹ã«ã«ã³ç³»ã«ãããã³ãã«ãååžãèšé²ããææ°è«æã
MinID LDU-JUT: Chalcopyrite, Tonglushan Mine â 2018â2019幎ã®çºèŠãšããŠããã£ãŒã©ãŒæ³šèšä»ãã®5.1 à 3.4 à 3.3 cmã®ãã£ã«ã³ãã€ã©ã€ãããŒã«ãããã¥ã¢ãææžåã
MinID P1P-VUK: Djurleite and Chalcopyrite, Tonglushan Mine â Tonglushanç£ã®170 à 70 à 50 mmã®ãžã¥ã«ã©ã€ã-ãã£ã«ã³ãã€ã©ã€ãæšæ¬ãææžåãã«ãªã³ãµã€ã-ãžã¥ã«ã©ã€ã-ãã£ã«ã³ãã€ã©ã€ãåã®ç£åºæ§åŒã«æçšã
Mario Pauwels Mindat gallery entry for Tonglushan chalcopyrite floater â ããªã¹ã¿ãŒã«ãããŒãšèª¬æããã5.8 à 4.5 à 3.5 cmã®ãã£ã«ã³ãã€ã©ã€ãæµ®éæšæ¬ã®åçèšé²ãšã³ããªã## Videos & Media
âChalcopyrite on Calcite Crystals and Minerals from Daye Copper Mineâ â Heritage 1971 â Tonglushan/Dayeã®é é±å±±ç±æ¥ã®ã«ã«ãµã€ãçµæ¶äžã®é»éé±ã®ããŒã©ãŒåç»ïŒ2020幎10æã®çºèŠåïŒ
âãã£ã«ã³ãã€ã©ã€ããChalcopyriteãPEANUTS MINERALSâ â PEANUTS MINERALS â Tonglushanã®å°ããªé»é é±çã®ã¯ã©ã¹ã¿ãŒã®çãæšæ¬åç»ãæãéå±å æ²¢ãšè¹åœ©è²ã®åå¿ãèŠãã®ã«é©ããŠããŸãã
âCalcite with Pyrite from TonglÃŒshan Mine, Edong, Chinaâ â Fabre Minerals on Vimeo â 2022幎ã®TonglÃŒshanã«ã«ãµã€ãæšæ¬ã®æ åèšé²ãå æ²¢ã®ããè¹åœ©åŸ®çµæ¶é»éé±ã§èŠãããåæã®ã«ã«ãµã€ãçžã瀺ãã## ãããªãèªæžãšå€éšãªã³ã¯
Mindat: Tonglushan Mine locality â é±ç©ãªã¹ããå°è³ªã座æšãåèæç®ã®ãã¹ããªåäžããŒã«ãªãã£ããŒã¿ããŒã¹ããŒãžã
Mindat: Tonglushan Mine ã® blistered copper â 硬氎æ¶ç¶é é±å€çš® blistered copper ã®å±åšããŒãžã
Smithsonian: Curious Chalcopyrite â 2019 幎㮠Tonglushan é é±çäœææã®åæçè°è«ã®å¿ é 解説ã
The Mineral Newsletter, June 2023 â 2019 幎ã®çäœçºèŠããããªãã¯ã¹çã圢æã¢ã€ãã¢ã®æè¯ã®èªãå£ãå«ãé©å¿çã¢ãŒã±ã³ã¹ãã³èšäºã
China Daily / China Services: Tonglushan Ancient Copper Mine Site listed as National Archaeological Site Park â å€ä»£æ¡æ site ã®çŸä»£éºç£ã®èŠçŽãšèå€åŠçæçŸ©ã
ChinaCulture: Tonglushan Mining and Smelting Site â å€ä»£ç«ªåã窯ãéå ·ãé çç£ã«é¢ããæçšãªæåå²èæ¯ã
ChinaCulture: Museum of the Former Site of Ancient TonglÃŒshan Copper Mine â åç©é€šã®èæ¯ãå ¬éãèå€åŠççºæå²ã
ResearchGate: Mineral compositions and fluid evolution of the Tonglushan skarn CuâFe deposit â Tonglushan ã¹ã«ã«ã³å°è³ªã«é¢ããäž»èŠãª International Geology Review è«æã®èŠæšãšå³ãé²èЧå¯èœã
Fabre Minerals video page: Calcite with Pyrite from TonglÃŒshan Mine â TonglÃŒshan ç±æ¥ã®æ¹è§£ç³ãšåŸ®çµæ¶æ§é»éé±ã¹ã¿ã€ã«ã®èŠèŠåèã
Heritage 1971: Chalcopyrite on Calcite from Daye Copper Mine, China â Tonglushan/Daye ãã Calcite äžã«éžæçã«æ²çããé 瀊é±ã®ãã£ãŒã©ãŒåºåã
Minfind: Chalcopyrite from Tonglushan Mine â Tonglushan é ã®çµæ¶æšæ¬ 50 à 40 à 30 mm ã®è²©å£²ã¢ãŒã±ã³ã¹ãã³æ²èŒãåžå Žãšãµã€ãºã® reference ã«æçšã